Maharashtra Board Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Morphology of Flowering Plants Solutions

Morphology Of Flowering Plants Class 11 Exercise Question Answers Solutions Maharashtra Board

Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 Exercise Solutions Maharashtra Board

Biology Class 11 Chapter 9 Exercise Solutions

1. Choose Correct Option

Question (A)Which one of the following will grow better in moist and shady region?
(a) Opuntia
(b) Orchid
(c) Mangrove
(d) Lotus
Answer: (b) Orchid
In simple words: Orchids are epiphytic plants that thrive in humid environments with indirect sunlight, making moist and shady regions ideal for their growth.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that epiphytes like orchids depend on high humidity and shade, unlike desert plants (Opuntia) or aquatic plants (Lotus).

 

Question (B)A particular plant had a pair of leaves at each node arranged in one plane. What is the arrangement called?
(a) Alternate phyllotaxy
(b) Decussate phyllotaxy
(c) Superposed phyllotaxy
(d) Whorled phyllotaxy
Answer: (c) Superposed phyllotaxy
In simple words: Superposed phyllotaxy describes a leaf arrangement where pairs of leaves at successive nodes are aligned directly above each other, maintaining a single plane.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate superposed from decussate phyllotaxy; in decussate, successive pairs are at right angles, not in the same plane.

 

Question (C)In a particular flower the insertion of floral whorls was in such a manner, so the ovary was below other three whorls, but its stigma was taller than other three whorls. What will you call such flower?
(a) Hypogynous
(b) Perigynous
(c) Inferior ovary
(d) Half superior - half inferior
Answer: (c) Inferior ovary
In simple words: An inferior ovary is positioned below the attachment point of the sepals, petals, and stamens, giving the appearance that these floral parts arise from the top of the ovary.

🎯 Exam Tip: The position of the ovary relative to other floral whorls (hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous) is a key characteristic for flower classification. Inferior ovary corresponds to epigynous flowers.

 

Question (D)Beet and Arum both store food for perennation.
Are the examples for two different types?
(a) Beet is a stem but Arum is a root
(b) Beet is a root but Arum is a stem
(c) Beet is a stem but Arum is a leaf
(d) Beet is a stem but Arum is an inflorescence
Answer: (b) Beet is a root but Arum is a stem
In simple words: While both Beet and Arum store food, Beet is a modified taproot, and Arum is a modified underground stem (corm), demonstrating different morphological origins for food storage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the modifications of plant parts for storage; roots, stems, and leaves can all be adapted for this function, but their anatomical origin differs.

 

2. Answer The Following Questions

Question (A)Two of the vegetables we consume are nothing but leaf bases. Which are they?
Answer: Onion, Garlic
In simple words: Onion and garlic are both bulbs, where the edible portion consists primarily of thickened, fleshy leaf bases that store food, attached to a highly reduced stem.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize common vegetables based on their botanical origin (root, stem, leaf, fruit) as this helps in understanding plant morphology.

 

Question (B)Opuntia has spines but Carissa has thorns. What is the difference?
Answer:
1. In Opuntia, stem is modified into leaf like photosynthetic organ known as phylloclade.
2. Spines growing on phylloclade of Opuntia are leaves, modified to reduce the loss of water through transpiration.
3. Thorns in Carissa are modified apical buds. They provide protection against browsing animals.
4. Thus, spines in Opuntia and thorns in Carissa have different origin and function.
In simple words: Spines in Opuntia are modified leaves designed for water loss reduction, whereas thorns in Carissa are modified apical buds used for protection, highlighting different developmental origins and functions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures; spines and thorns serve similar protective functions but originate from different plant parts.

 

Question (C)Teacher described Hibiscus as solitary Cyme. What it means?
Answer:
1. In Cymose inflorescence, growth of peduncle is finite and it terminates into flower.
2. In Hibiscus, flower is borne singly at the tip of peduncle. Hence, teacher described Hibiscus as solitary cyme.
In simple words: Solitary cyme in Hibiscus means that a single flower terminates the main peduncle, limiting its growth, which is characteristic of cymose inflorescence.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the basic difference between racemose (unlimited growth) and cymose (limited growth) inflorescence types based on the apical bud's fate.

 

3. Write Notes On

Question (A)Fusiform root.
Answer:
Fusiform root:
1. Fusiform root is the modification of tap root for food storage.
2. Fusiform root:
The fusiform root is swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends forming spindle shaped structure, e.g. Radish (Raphanus sativus)
In simple words: A fusiform root is a type of taproot modification, swollen in the middle and tapering at both ends, specifically adapted for storing food, like a radish.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify various root modifications by their shape and function, recognizing the specific example of radish for a fusiform root.

 

Question (B)Racemose inflorescence.
Answer:
Racemose inflorescence
In simple words: Racemose inflorescence is a type where the main axis continues to grow, and flowers develop laterally in an acropetal succession (youngest at the top), leading to an indefinite growth pattern.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that racemose inflorescence exhibits indeterminate growth, allowing for the continuous formation of new flowers at the apex.

 

Question (C)Fasciculated tuberous root.
Answer:
Fasciculated tuberous root:
1. Fasciculated tuberous roots are modification of adventitious roots for storage of food.
2. Fasciculated tuberous roots do not develop any definite shape like modified tap roots.
3. a. A cluster of roots arising from one point which becomes thick and fleshy due to storage of food is known as fasciculated tuberous root.
b. These clusters are seen at the base of the stem, e.g. Dahlia, Asparagus, etc.
In simple words: Fasciculated tuberous roots are clusters of adventitious roots, usually arising from the stem base, that become thick and fleshy due to food storage, without a definite shape.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that adventitious roots can also be modified for food storage, forming irregular clusters unlike the more organized taproot modifications.

 

Question (D)Region of cell maturation.
Answer:
Region of maturation/region of differentiation:
a. It is the uppermost major part of the root.
b. The cells of this region are quite impermeable to water due to thick wall.
c. The cells show differentiation and form different types of tissues.
d. This region helps in fixation of plant and conduction of absorbed substances.
e. Development of lateral roots also takes place from this region.
In simple words: The region of cell maturation in a root is where cells differentiate into various tissues, acquire their specialized functions, and play a crucial role in water absorption, fixation, and lateral root development.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the distinct zones of a root tip: root cap, meristematic region, elongation region, and maturation region, each with specific cellular activities.

 

Question (E)Rhizome.
Answer:
Rhizome:
1. Rhizome is a modification of underground stem for storage of food.
2. It is prostrate, dorsiventrally thickened and brownish in colour.
3. It grows either horizontally or obliquely beneath the soil.
4. Rhizome shows nodes and internodes. It bears terminal and axillary buds at nodes.
5. Terminal bud under favourable conditions produces aerial shoot which degenerates at the end of favourable condition.
6. Growth of rhizome takes place with lateral buds, such growth is known as sympodial growth, e.g. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Turmeric {Curcuma domestica), Canna etc.
7. In plants where rhizomes grow obliquely, terminal bud brings about growth of rhizomes. This is known as monopodial growth, e.g. Nymphea, Nelumbo (Lotus), Pteris (Fern) etc.
8. Rhizomes perform functions like storage of food, vegetative propagation and perennation.
In simple words: A rhizome is a horizontally growing, underground stem modified for food storage, vegetative propagation, and perennation, characterized by nodes, internodes, and buds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate rhizomes from roots by the presence of nodes, internodes, scale leaves, and buds, which are characteristic of stems.

 

Question (F)Stolon.
Answer:
Stolons:
1. The slender lateral branch arising from the base of main axis is known as stolon.
2. In some plants it is above ground (wild strawberry).
3. Primarily stolon shows upward growth in the form of ordinary branch, but when it bends and touches the ground terminal bud grows into new shoot and develops adventitious roots.
e.g. Wild Strawberry, Jasmine, Mentha, etc. [Any one example]
In simple words: A stolon is a slender, lateral stem branch that grows horizontally, either above or below ground, eventually producing new plants at its nodes or terminal bud, facilitating vegetative propagation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify stolons as a form of vegetative propagation in plants like strawberry, distinguishing them from rhizomes by their generally more slender nature and specific growth habit.

 

Question (G)Leaf venation.
Answer:
Leaf venation:
1. Arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaf lamina is known as venation.
2. Veins are responsible for conduction of water and minerals as well as food.
3. The structural framework of the lamina is developed by veins.
4. There are two types of leaf venation: parallel venation which is found in monocot leaves and reticulate venation which is found in dicot leaves.
In simple words: Leaf venation is the pattern of veins and veinlets within the leaf blade, crucial for nutrient transport and providing structural support to the leaf.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between reticulate (net-like, typically dicots) and parallel (straight, typically monocots) venation patterns as a key morphological feature.

 

Question (H)Cymose inflorescence.
Answer:
Cymose inflorescence.
In simple words: Cymose inflorescence is characterized by the main floral axis terminating in a flower, which limits its growth and causes subsequent flowers to arise laterally below it, resulting in a definite flower cluster.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall that cymose inflorescence exhibits determinate growth, with older flowers at the center or apex and younger ones developing towards the periphery or base.

 

Question (I)Perianth.
Answer:
Perianth (P):
a. Many times, calyx and corolla remain undifferentiated. Such member is known as tepal.
b. The whorl of tepals is known as Perianth.
c. It protects other floral whorls.
d. If all the tepals are free the condition is called as polyphyllous and if they are fused the condition is called as gamophyllous.
e. Sepaloid perianth shows green tepals, while petaloid perianth shows brightly coloured tepals. e.g. Lily, Amaranthus, Celosia, etc.
f. Petaloid tepal helps in pollination and sepaloid tepals can perform photosynthesis.
In simple words: Perianth refers to the collective term for sepals and petals when they are undifferentiated (tepals), serving to protect other floral whorls and sometimes aiding in pollination or photosynthesis.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that the presence of a perianth indicates that the calyx and corolla are morphologically indistinguishable, forming a single whorl of tepals.

 

Question (J)Write a short note on vexillary aestivation.
Answer:
Vexillary: Corolla is butterfly shaped and consists of five petals. Outermost and largest is known as standard or vexillum, two lateral petals are wings and two smaller fused forming boat shaped structures keel. e.g. Pisum sativum
In simple words: Vexillary aestivation, typical of pea family flowers, features a large standard petal overlapping two lateral wing petals, which in turn enclose two fused keel petals, creating a butterfly-like appearance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Visualize the overlapping pattern of petals in aestivation types (valvate, twisted, imbricate, vexillary) as a distinguishing feature in floral morphology.

 

Question (K)Write a short note on axile placentation.
Answer:
Axile placentation: Placentation: The mode of arrangement of ovules on the placenta within the ovary is called placentation.
Axile: Ovules are placed on the central axis of a multilocular ovary, e.g. China rose, Cotton, etc.
In simple words: Axile placentation occurs in a multilocular (many-chambered) ovary where ovules are attached to the central axis, which is formed by the fusion of carpel walls.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify axile placentation by the presence of a central placental column in a multi-chambered ovary, a common feature in plants like China rose and tomato.

 

Question 4.Identify the following figures and write down the types of leaves arrangement.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में तीन अलग-अलग प्रकार की पत्ती व्यवस्था (phyllotaxy) दिखाई गई है। पहली और दूसरी आकृति में एकांतर पर्णविन्यास (alternate phyllotaxy) प्रदर्शित है जहाँ प्रत्येक नोड पर एक पत्ती होती है। तीसरी आकृति में क्रॉस-डेक्यूसेट पर्णविन्यास (opposite decussate phyllotaxy) दिखाया गया है जहाँ प्रत्येक नोड पर पत्तियों का एक जोड़ा एक-दूसरे के समकोण पर होता है।
Answer:
1. The given figures represent phyllotaxy. It is the arrangement of leaves on the stem and branches in a specific manner.
2. Figure 'a' and 'b' represents, alternate phyllotaxy. In this type of phyllotaxy, single leaf arises from each node of a stem. e.g. Mango
3. Figure 'c' represents opposite decussate phyllotaxy. In this type of phyllotaxy, a pair of leaf arise from each node and the consecutive pair at right angle to the previous one. e.g. Calotropis.
In simple words: The figures illustrate different phyllotaxy patterns: alternate, where one leaf grows per node, and opposite decussate, where successive leaf pairs at a node are at right angles to each other.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize common phyllotaxy patterns (alternate, opposite, whorled) by observing the number and arrangement of leaves at each node.

 

5. Students Were On The Excursion To A Botanical Garden. They Noted Following Observation. Will You Be Able To Help Them In Understanding Those Conditions?

Question (A)A wiry outgrowth was seen on a plant arising from in between the leaf and stem.
Answer:
A wiry outgrowth on a plant arising from in between the leaf and stem can be an axillary stem tendril. Stem tendrils:
a. Tendrils are thin, wiry, photosynthetic, leafless coiled structures.
b. They give additional support to developing plant.
c. Tendrils have adhesive glands for fixation.
In simple words: The wiry outgrowth described is an axillary stem tendril, a modified stem designed for climbing, providing support to the plant through its coiled, photosynthetic structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish tendrils based on their origin (stem, leaf, or stipular) as they are common modifications for support in climbing plants.

 

Question (B)There was a green plant with flat stem, but no leaves. The entire plant was covered by soft spines.
Answer:
Student must have observed phylloclade, which is a modification of stem.
Phylloclade:
a. Modification of stem into leaf like photosynthetic organ is known as phylloclade.
b. Being stem it possesses nodes and internodes.
c. It is thick, fleshy and succulent, contains mucilage for retaining water e.g. Opuntia, Casuarina (Cylindrical shaped phylloclade) and Muehlenbeckia (ribbon like phylloclade).
In simple words: The plant observed has a phylloclade, which is a flattened, green, photosynthetic stem modification, where leaves are reduced to spines for water conservation, as seen in Opuntia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand how plants adapt to arid environments through stem modifications like phylloclades, where the stem takes over photosynthetic function from reduced leaves.

 

Question (C)Many oblique roots were given out from the lower nodes, apparently for extra support.
Answer:
a. Students must have observed adventitious roots in monocotyledonous plants like maize, sugarcane, wheat, etc.
b. Adventitious roots develop from any part of a plant other than radicle.
c. In such plants, adventitious roots arise from the lower node of a stem and provide extra support to the plant. These roots are also called as stilt roots.
In simple words: These are adventitious stilt roots, which emerge from the lower nodes of the stem in monocotyledonous plants, growing obliquely into the soil to provide additional mechanical support.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify stilt roots in plants like maize and sugarcane as a key adaptation for structural support, distinct from typical primary or secondary roots.

 

Question (D)Many plants in the marshy region had upwardly growing roots. They could be better seen during low tide.
Answer:
a. Plants growing in marshy region (halophytes) produce upwardly growing roots called as pneumatophores or respiratory roots.
b. The main root system of these plants does not get sufficient air for respiration as soil is water logged.
c. Due to this, mineral absorption of plant also gets affected.
d. To overcome this problem underground roots, develop special roots which are negatively geotropic; growing vertically upward.
e. These roots are conical projections present around main trunk of plant.
f. Respiratory roots show presence of lenticels which helps in gaseous exchange.
In simple words: Plants in marshy, water-logged areas develop upward-growing pneumatophores, or respiratory roots, to absorb oxygen from the air, as their main roots cannot respire effectively in anaerobic soil.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize pneumatophores as a unique adaptation in halophytes, allowing gaseous exchange in oxygen-deficient wetland soils.

 

Question (E)A plant had leaves with long leaf apex, which was curling around a support.
Answer:
a. Students must have observed leaf tip tendril.
b. In some weak stems, leaf apex modifies into thin, green, wiry, coiled structure called as leaf tendril.
c. Such leaf tendrils, help in climbing by curling around a support.
In simple words: This describes a leaf tip tendril, a modification of the leaf apex into a slender, coiled structure that helps the plant climb and gain support.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the diversity of tendril origins, with leaf tip tendrils being one specific adaptation for climbing.

 

Question (F)A plant was found growing on other plant. Teacher said it is not a parasite. It exhibited two types of roots.
Answer:
a. Student must have observed an epiphytic plants like Dendrobium, Vanda growing on other plant.
b. The two types of roots exhibited by this plant must be clinging roots and epiphytic roots.
c. Clinging roots:
1. Clinging roots are tiny roots develop along internodes, show disc at tips.
2. It exudes sticky substance which enables plant to get attached to the substratum without damaging it.
d. Epiphytic roots:
1. Epiphytic plants like Vanda, Dendrobium grow on branches of trees in dense rain forests and are unable to obtain moisture from soil.
2. Such plants produce epiphytic roots which hang in the air.
3. The roots are provided with a spongy membranous absorbent covering of the velamen tissue.
4. The cells of velamen tissue are hygroscopic and have porous walls, thus they can absorb moisture from air.
5. Epiphytic roots can be silvery white or green and are without root cap.
In simple words: This describes an epiphytic plant like Vanda, which grows on other plants but obtains moisture and nutrients directly from the air using two types of specialized roots: clinging roots for attachment and epiphytic roots with velamen tissue for atmospheric water absorption.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the difference between epiphytes (non-parasitic, self-sustaining) and parasites, and recognize the dual root system (clinging and epiphytic/absorbent) as an adaptation for epiphytic life.

 

Question (G)While having lunch onion slices were served to them. Teacher asked which part of the plant are you eating?
Answer:
a. The edible part of an onion is fleshy leaves.
b. Onion is a bulb, in which stem is highly reduced, discoid and possesses adventitious roots at the base.
c. This stem bears a whorl of fleshy leaves which store food material.
d. The scale leaves or fleshy leaves are arranged in concentric manner over the stem. Some outer scale leaves become thin and dry. Thus, it is also called as tunicated or layered bulb.
In simple words: When eating onion, you are consuming its fleshy, concentric leaf bases, which are modified to store food and are part of the bulb structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: Reinforce the concept that edible parts of plants are often modified storage organs, and knowing their botanical classification clarifies their origin.

 

Question (H)Students observed large leaves of coconut and small leaves of Mimosa. Teacher asked it what way they are similar?
Answer:
a. Both large leaves of coconut and small leaves of Mimosa show pinnately compound leaves.
b. In both plants, leaf lamina is divided into number of leaflets.
c. Leaflets are present laterally on a common axis called rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf.
In simple words: Both large coconut leaves and small Mimosa leaves are pinnately compound, meaning their leaf blades are divided into multiple leaflets arranged along a common central axis (rachis).

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the definition of compound leaves and distinguish between pinnately and palmately compound types based on leaflet arrangement.

 

Question (I)Teacher showed them Marigold flower and said it is not one flower. What the teacher meant?
Answer:
a. Marigold flower is an inflorescence in which flowers are produced in a definite manner on a peduncle.
b. In Marigold, racemose type of inflorescence can be observed.
c. In this, peduncle condenses to form a flat rounded structure called receptacle.
d. Opening of flower centripetal i.e. younger flowers are towards the centre and open later, while older flowers towards the periphery and open first.
In simple words: The teacher meant that a Marigold "flower" is actually a composite inflorescence (a capitulum) where many smaller individual flowers (florets) are arranged densely on a flattened receptacle, not a single flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that many common "flowers" are actually complex inflorescences composed of numerous tiny individual florets, particularly in the Asteraceae (sunflower) family.

 

Question (J)Students cut open a Papaya fruit and found all the seeds attached to the sides. Teacher inquired about the possible placentation of Papaya ovary.
Answer:
a. In Papaya, seeds are attached to the sides of a fruit. Thus, parietal placentation is possible in papaya ovary,
b. In parietal placentation, ovules are placed on the inner wall of unil unilocular ovary of multicarpellary, syncarpus gynoecium.
In simple words: The seeds attached to the sides of the fruit indicate parietal placentation, where ovules develop on the inner walls of a unilocular ovary.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the arrangement of seeds within a fruit (which reflects ovary placentation) as a diagnostic feature for classifying plant types.

 

Question 6.Match the following.

'Group A'	'Group B'
1	A Marginal
2	B Basal
3	C Axile
4	D Free central
5	E Parietal

Answer:
(i-c-1), (ii-e-3), (iii-a-4), (iv-b-5), (v-d-2)
In simple words: This matching exercise connects different types of placentation (ovule arrangement within the ovary) with their corresponding diagrams, illustrating how ovules are attached to the ovary wall.

🎯 Exam Tip: Familiarize yourself with the visual representation of various placentation types (marginal, basal, axile, free central, parietal) to quickly identify them.

 

[Note: Another example of palmately compound leaf (Bifoliate) is Balanites roxburghii.]

 

Question 7.Observe the following figures and label the different parts.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक द्विबीजपत्री बीज (जैसे चना) की संरचना को दर्शाता है। इसमें बाहरी बीज आवरण, भोजन संग्रहित करने वाले दो बीजपत्र, भ्रूणीय जड़ (मूलांकुर) और भ्रूणीय तना (प्रांकुर) शामिल हैं। माइक्रो पाइल एक छोटा छिद्र है, जबकि हाइलम वह निशान है जहाँ बीज फल से जुड़ा था।
Answer: The diagram provided illustrates the structure of a dicotyledonous seed (e.g., Gram) with its labeled parts: Seed coat, Cotyledons, Plumule, Hilum, Micropyle, and Radicle.
In simple words: The diagram shows the key structures of a dicotyledonous seed, including the protective seed coat, the two cotyledons for food storage, the embryonic root (radicle), and the embryonic shoot (plumule).

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify and label all parts of a dicot seed (e.g., gram, bean) as it's fundamental to understanding germination and plant development.

 

8. Differentiate With Diagrammatic Representation.

Question (A)Differentiate with diagrammatic representation: Racemose and cymose inflorescence.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): इस चित्र में रेसीमोज़ और साइमोज़ पुष्पक्रमों के बीच का अंतर दर्शाया गया है। रेसीमोज़ पुष्पक्रम में, मुख्य अक्ष लगातार बढ़ता रहता है और फूल एक्रोपेटल क्रम में पार्श्व रूप से पैदा होते हैं (पुराने फूल नीचे और नए फूल ऊपर)। साइमोज़ पुष्पक्रम में, मुख्य अक्ष एक फूल में समाप्त हो जाता है, जिससे उसकी वृद्धि सीमित हो जाती है और फूल बेसिपेटल क्रम में पैदा होते हैं (पुराने फूल ऊपर और नए फूल नीचे)।
Answer:

No.	Racemose Inflorescence		Cymose Inflorescence
i.	Growth of peduncle is infinite or unlimited.		Growth of peduncle is finite or limited.
ii.	Apical bud never terminates into flower.		Apical bud always terminates into flower.
iii.	Flowers are arranged in acropetal succession (i.e. younger flower at the apex and older at the base)		Flowers are arranged in basipetal succession (i.e. older flowers at the apex and younger at the base)
iv.	Opening of flowers is centripetal (younger flowers towards the centre and open later while older towards periphery and open first)		Opening of flower is centrifugal (older flowers at the centre and open first while younger towards periphery and open later)
e.g.	Gold mohur, Sunflower, Caesalpinia		China rose, Jasmine.

In simple words: Racemose inflorescence shows indefinite growth with younger flowers at the apex, while cymose inflorescence has limited growth with the main axis ending in a flower.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key differences lie in the growth pattern of the main axis (indeterminate vs. determinate) and the order of flower opening (acropetal vs. basipetal).

 

Question (B)Differentiate with diagrammatic representation: Reticulate and parallel venation
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र पत्तियों में दो प्रकार के शिराविन्यास - जालीदार (रेटिकुलेट) और समानांतर (पैरलल) - को दर्शाता है। जालीदार शिराविन्यास में, शिराएँ और शिरिकाएँ एक अनियमित नेटवर्क बनाती हैं, जो आमतौर पर द्विबीजपत्री पौधों में देखा जाता है। समानांतर शिराविन्यास में, शिराएँ एक-दूसरे के लगभग समानांतर चलती हैं, जो आमतौर पर एकबीजपत्री पौधों में पाया जाता है।
Answer:

No.	Reticulate venation	Parallel venation
i.	In reticulate venation, veins and veinlets form a network.	In parallel venation, veins run almost parallel to one another.
ii.	It is found in dicotyledonous plants.	It is found in monocotyledonous plants.
e.g.	Mango, Peepal, etc.	Banana, Grasses, etc.

In simple words: Reticulate venation features a net-like network of veins (common in dicots), while parallel venation has veins running mostly parallel to each other (common in monocots).

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the distinctive vein patterns (net-like vs. parallel) as a primary characteristic to distinguish between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous leaves.

 

Question (C)Differentiate with diagrammatic representation: Taproot and Adventitious roots
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो प्रकार की जड़ों - मूसला जड़ (टैपरूट) और अपस्थानिक जड़ (एडवेंटिशियस रूट) - को दर्शाता है। मूसला जड़ें भ्रूण के मूलांकुर से विकसित होती हैं और एक केंद्रीय मुख्य जड़ से पार्श्व जड़ें निकलती हैं। अपस्थानिक जड़ें पौधे के किसी भी गैर-मूलांकुर भाग से विकसित होती हैं, जैसे तना या पत्ती, और अक्सर रेशेदार या गुच्छेदार होती हैं।
Answer:

No.	Tap root	Adventitious roots
i.	It arises from radicle of an embryo during seed germination.	It arises from any part other than radicle.
ii.	It is differentiated into primary, secondary and tertiary roots.	There is no such differentiation.
iii.	It is usually found in dicotyledons.	It is usually found in monocotyledons.
e.g.	Pea, Bean, Sunflower, etc.	Maize, Wheat, Sugarcane, etc.

In simple words: Taproots develop from the radicle with a prominent main root, while adventitious roots originate from any plant part other than the radicle and often form a fibrous system.

🎯 Exam Tip: The primary distinction is the origin: taproots from the radicle (dicots), and adventitious roots from other parts (often monocots), influencing their overall structure.

 

Practical / Project:

Question 1.Collect different leaves from nearby region and observe variation in margin, leaf base, apex etc.
[Note: Students can scan the given Q.R code to study the different leaf margin, leaf base and apex.]
Answer: [No specific answer is provided for this practical activity, as it involves observation and collection.]
In simple words: This activity encourages hands-on observation of leaf diversity, helping students understand the variations in leaf margins, bases, and apices that characterize different plant species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practical observation skills are crucial; pay attention to details like venation patterns and leaf shape as these are important identification features.

 

Question 2.Find out and make a note of economically important plant from family Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae.
Answer:
1. Economically important plant from family Fabaceae:
Family Fabaceae includes many pulses like gram, arhar, moong, soybean; edible oil seeds like soybean, groundnut; dye (Indigofera); fibres which can be obtained from Sun hemp, Sesbania trifolium which can be used as fodder; some plants are ornamental like lupin, sweet pea; some medicinal plants like muliathi.
2. Economically important plant from family Solanaceae:
Family Solanaceae includes many plants which are good source of food e.g. tomato, brinjal, potato; Spice e.g. chilli; Medicine e.g. belladonna, ashwagandha; Ornamental plants like Petunia.
3. Economically important plant from family Liliaceae:
Family Liliaceae includes many ornamental plants like tulip, Gloriosa, Medicinal
In simple words: This question focuses on the economic significance of major plant families, highlighting their contributions as food sources, medicines, dyes, fibers, and ornamental plants.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to associate key economically important plants with their respective botanical families and understand the diverse uses derived from each.

11th Biology Digest Chapter 9 Morphology Of Flowering Plants Intext Questions And Answers

Use Your Brainpower. (Textbook Page No. 102)

 

Question. Why underground stem is different from roots?
Answer: Underground stems are modified to perform different functions like storage of food, perennation and vegetative propagation. However, they differ from root in having nodes and internodes.
In simple words: Underground stems have distinct nodes and internodes, unlike roots, and are specialized for food storage, survival during unfavorable conditions, and asexual reproduction.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the structural differences (nodes, internodes, buds) and functional specializations of underground stems versus roots when answering this type of question.

 

Use Your Brainpower. (Textbook Page No. 104)

 

Question. Why the stem has to perform photosynthesis in xerophytes?
Answer:
1. Xerophytes are the plants which grow in regions with scanty or no rainfall like desert.
2. In Xerophytes, leaves get modified into spines or get reduced in size to check the loss of water due to transpiration.
3. As the leaves are modified into spines, the stem becomes green in colour to do the function of photosynthesis.
In simple words: Xerophytes reduce water loss by modifying their leaves into spines, so their stems become green and take over the photosynthetic function to produce food.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining adaptations in xerophytes, always link the structural modification (e.g., spiny leaves) to its functional benefit (e.g., reduced transpiration) and subsequent compensatory adaptations (e.g., photosynthetic stem).

 

Internet My Friend. (Textbook Page No. 106)

 

Question. Collect information of types of leaf venation.
Answer:
1. Figure 'R' shows types of reticulate venation. When the veins and veinlets form a network, it is called reticulate venation.
On the basis of number of mid-veins, reticulate venation is of two types:
a. Pinnate or unicostate: It is with single midrib e.g. Peepal, Mango.
b. Palmate or multicostate: It is with two or more prominent veins. It is further divided into convergent or divergent.
1. Multicostate convergent reticulate: Many prominent veins appear from the base of leaf lamina and converged in a curved manner towards the leaf apex. e.g. Zizyphus
2. Multicostate divergent reticulate: Prominent veins arise from the single point at the base of leaf lamina
and then diverge from one another towards the leaf margin, e.g. Cucurbita
2. Figure 'P' shows types of parallel venation. When veins run almost parallel to one another it is called parallel venation. It is of two types:
a. Unicostate: In this, lamina has single prominent mid vein from which many lateral parallel veins arise at regular intervals, e.g. Banana
b. Multicostate: In this, two or more mid veins run parallel to each other. It is further divided into convergent or divergent.
1. Multicostate convergent parallel:
Many prominent veins arise from the leaf base and then converge at leaf apex. e.g. Grasses
2. Multicostate divergent parallel:
Many prominent veins arise from the leaf base and then diverge towards margin, e.g. Borassus flabellifer (Toddy palm)
In simple words: Leaf venation is the arrangement of veins in a leaf, primarily categorized into reticulate (net-like pattern) and parallel (veins running parallel to each other). Both types can be further divided based on the number of main veins and their branching or converging patterns.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing leaf venation, clearly distinguish between reticulate and parallel types and provide specific examples for each. Mentioning the sub-types (unicostate/multicostate, convergent/divergent) adds depth to your answer.

 

Observe And Discuss. (Textbook Page No. 112)

 

Observe And Discuss.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र विभिन्न प्रकार के फलों को दर्शाता है। इसमें 'चित्र 'a' टमाटर को, 'चित्र 'b' शरीफा को, 'चित्र 'c' अनानास को और 'चित्र 'd' आकडे के फल को प्रदर्शित करता है, जो उनकी संरचनात्मक विविधता को उजागर करता है।

 

Question. (Implied: Describe the fruits shown in the figures)
Answer:
1. Figure 'a' shows fruit of tomato.
• It is a simple fruit as it develops from a single flower with bicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium.
• It is a berry, because it has fleshy endocarp and many seeds.
2. Figure 'b' shows fruit of Custard apple.
• It is an aggregate fruit, because it develops from a single flower with polycarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium.
• Here, the ovary of each carpel gives rise to a part of the fruit called fruitlet. Hence, it is called an aggregation of fruitlets.
• Custard apple can be further described as Etaerio of berries.
3. Figure 'c' shows fruit of pineapple.
• It is a composite fruit, because it develops from a complete inflorescence.
• Pineapple can be further described as Sorosis, as it develops from catkin type of inflorescence.
4. Figure 'd' shows fruit of milkweed.
• It is a simple dehiscent dry fruit.
• It has many seeds. When pericarp becomes dry and thin, it breaks open by one ventral suture.
In simple words: This answer describes four types of fruits: tomato (simple berry), custard apple (aggregate fruit), pineapple (composite fruit, sorosis), and milkweed (simple dehiscent dry fruit), highlighting their developmental origin and key characteristics.

🎯 Exam Tip: For fruit classification, always mention whether it's simple, aggregate, or composite, and then provide its specific type (e.g., berry, drupe, sorosis) along with a brief reason for that classification.

 

Activity. (Textbook Page No. 113)

 

Question. Study the family Liliaceae, prepare a table of following characteristics.
Answer:

Symmetry of flower	Actinomorphic
Bisexual/ Unisexual	Bisexual
Calyx	Absent
Corolla	Absent
Androecium	Stamens six, arranged in two whorls of 3 each, epiphyllous
Gynoecium	Tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular ovary with many ovules
Aestivation	Valvate
a. Calyx	Absent
b. Corolla	Absent
Placentation	Axile
Position of ovary	Superior ovary
Types of fruit	Capsule, rarely berry

In simple words: The Liliaceae family is characterized by actinomorphic, bisexual flowers with six stamens (epiphyllous), a tricarpellary, syncarpous, trilocular superior ovary with axile placentation, and fruits that are typically capsules or occasionally berries.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing plant families, focus on consistent diagnostic features like flower symmetry, sexuality, number and arrangement of floral parts (especially stamens and carpels), ovary position, placentation, and fruit type, as these are crucial for identification.