Maharashtra Board Class 11 Animal Science And Technology Chapter 9 Anatomy And Physiology Of Livestock PDF Download

9. Anatomy And Physiology Of Livestock

Can You Recall?

1. Body structure of cow, buffalo, sheep and goat?

2. What are the different body systems?

9.1 Skeletal System

The skeleton is composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments. Bones are the principal components of skeleton.

4. A hollow cavity in the middle of long bone filled with bone marrow is called as medullary cavity. Bone marrow is a soft pulpy tissue which feels marrow cavity of long bones and marrow spaces of all the bones.

Do You Know?

Bones are living tissues as they can grow and are supplied with nerves and blood vessels.

Bone is a mineralized connective tissue.

9.1.1 Structure Of Bones

1. Bones are composed of two types of substances – compact and spongy.

a. Compact bone: It is hard layer of bone that covers most bones and forms almost entire shaft of long bones.

b. Spongy bone: It is composed of small bony plates arranged to form a porous or spongy structure.

2. An outer surface of bone is covered by a fibrous membrane known as periosteum whereas thin membrane which lines the medullar cavity and various marrow spaces is known as endosteum.

3. The cartilage which covers the articular surface of a bone is called as articular cartilage.

9.1.2 Composition Of Bones

1. Fresh or wet bone is composed of water (25%), ash or mineral matter (45%) and organic matter (30%).

2. Dried bone consists of organic and inorganic matter in the ratio of 1: 2.

3. The organic matter mainly consists of collagen (major), mucopolysacharides, fatty acids, glyco-proteins, phospholipids (minor). The organic matter gives toughness and elasticity to bone.

4. The inorganic or mineral matter includes calcium, phosphorus, carbonates, citrates, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorides etc. The mineral matter gives hardness and rigidity to the bones.

9.1.3 Functions Of Bones

1. They give definite shape to the body.

2. They offer support to the body.

3. They help in locomotion.

4. They protect the vital organs such as brain, lungs and heart.

5. They provide minerals like calcium and phosphorus to the body.

Teacher's Note

Bones are very important for animal movement. Just like a house needs a strong foundation, an animal needs strong bones to stand and walk.

Exam Trick

Remember: Compact bone is hard and strong. Spongy bone is light like a sponge. Together they make bones both strong and light.

Points To Remember

Bones are living tissues that grow and have blood supply.

Compact bone is the hard outer layer that gives strength.

Spongy bone is lighter and is found inside bones.

Bones contain minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Bones protect important organs like heart, lungs and brain.

This is a preview of the first 3 pages. To get the complete book, click below.