Maharashtra Board Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Science Cell and Biotechnology Solutions

Std 10 Science Part 2 Chapter 8 Cell Biology And Biotechnology Question Answer Maharashtra Board

Question 1. Fill in the blanks and complete the statements.
a. Methods like artificial insemination and embryo transplant are mainly used for
(a) animal husbandry
(b) wild life
(c) pet animals
(d) for infertile women
Answer: (a) animal husbandry
In simple words: Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are techniques primarily used in animal husbandry to improve breeding and genetic quality of livestock. These methods help in controlled reproduction and propagation of desirable traits in animals.

🎯 Exam Tip: When filling in the blanks for methods used in animal breeding, focus on terms directly related to livestock management and genetic improvement, such as 'animal husbandry'.

b. ........... is the revolutionary event in biotechnology after cloning.
(a) Human genome project
(b) DNA discovery
(c) Stem cell research
(d) All the above
Answer: (c) Stem cell research
In simple words: Stem cell research is considered a groundbreaking development after cloning because it holds immense potential for regenerative medicine and understanding developmental biology. It allows for the study and potential replacement of damaged tissues and organs.

🎯 Exam Tip: For revolutionary events in biotechnology, identify advancements that open up entirely new fields of study and application, such as the potential of stem cells for therapy and disease modeling.

c. The disease related with the synthesis of insulin is -
(a) cancer
(b) arthritis
(c) cardiac problems
(d) diabetes
Answer: (d) diabetes
In simple words: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, often resulting from the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. The synthesis of insulin is crucial for regulating glucose in the blood.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link specific hormones or biological substances directly to the diseases they regulate or are associated with; insulin's primary role in blood sugar control makes its synthesis directly relevant to diabetes.

d. Government of India has encouraged the ........... for improving the productivity by launching NKM-16.
(a) aquaculture
(b) poultry
(c) piggery
(d) apiculture
Answer: (a) aquaculture
In simple words: The Indian government, through initiatives like NKM-16, has promoted aquaculture to boost the productivity of aquatic organisms. This aims to increase food supply and economic growth from water-based farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: When a question refers to government initiatives for productivity improvement and a specific program like NKM-16, consider the broader economic sectors it might target, especially in the context of food production.

Question 2. Match the pairs.

Column 'A'	Column 'B'
(1) Interferon	(a) Diabetes
(2) Factor VIII *	(b) Dwarfness
(3) Somatostatin	(c) Viral infection
(4) Interleukin	(d) Cancer
	(e) Haemophilia

[Note: In examination match the column question will have 2 components in Column A' with 4 alternatives in Column B'.]
Answer:
(1) Interferon - Viral infection
(2) Factor VIII - Haemophilia
(3) Somatostatin - Dwarfness
(4) Interleukin - Cancer
[Note: Factor VIII* is an important protein factor and it should not be just factor as given in the textbook.]
In simple words: This matching exercise connects specific biological substances or factors with the conditions or diseases they are involved with. Interferons fight viral infections, Factor VIII is crucial for blood clotting and its deficiency causes haemophilia, somatostatin is related to growth hormone regulation (dwarfness), and interleukins play a role in the immune response against cancer.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, it's helpful to know the primary function or most common association of each term. Focus on key roles like immune response, hormonal regulation, or genetic disorders.

Question 3. Rewrite the following wrong statements after corrections:
a. Changes in genes of the cells are brought about in non-genetic technique.
Answer:
Non-genetic biotechnology involves use of either cell or tissue.
In simple words: Non-genetic biotechnology focuses on manipulating cells or tissues directly, rather than altering the genes within them. This means changes are made at a cellular or tissue level, not at the DNA level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between 'genetic' and 'non-genetic' techniques; genetic involves DNA modification, while non-genetic refers to manipulation of cells or tissues without direct gene alteration.

b. Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced into soyabean.
Answer:
Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is introduced with gene of cotton.
In simple words: The Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is primarily incorporated into cotton plants, not soybeans, to make them resistant to certain insect pests. This genetic modification creates Bt cotton, a common genetically modified crop.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be precise about which genes are introduced into which crops; Bt gene is famously associated with cotton for pest resistance.

Question 4. Write short notes.
a. Biotechnology: Professional uses. (Commercial uses)
Answer:
(1) Biotechnology can be used in the following professional fields, viz. crop biotechnology, animal husbandry, human health, etc.
(2) In crop biotechnology, improvement in the yield and variety of agricultural field is done. The hybrid seeds, genetically modified crops, herbicide tolerant plants are some of the areas in which lot of biotechnological research is being done. By such research, high yielding and disease resistant varieties and varieties which can tolerate stresses such as alkalinity, weeds, cold and drought etc. are produced. BT cotton, BT Brinjal and golden rice are some GMO plants which have become popular in India.
Due to herbicide tolerant plants, the weeds are now selectively destroyed. By using biofertilizers, the use of chemical fertilizers is reduced. Use of bacteria such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anaixiena and plants like Azolla the nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization abilities of the plants are improved.
(3) Animal husbandry is now using the methods of artificial insemination and embryo transfer by which the breeds of cattle are improved.
(4) To improve and to manage the human health, diagnosis ahd treatment of diseases have to be focussed. Diagnosis of diabetes, heart diseases and infectious diseases such as AIDS and dengue can be done rapidly due to biotechnology.
(5) The treatment and prevention of diseases need hormones, interferons, antibiotics and different vaccine which are now manufactured through biotechnology. Gene therapy is also used to treat hereditary disorders.
(6) Industrial products and clean technology to combat environmental pollution uses biotechnology practices.
(7) DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized the profession of forensic science.
In simple words: Biotechnology has diverse professional applications across agriculture, animal husbandry, human health, industry, and forensics. It enhances crop yield and disease resistance, improves livestock breeding, facilitates rapid disease diagnosis and treatment, produces vital medicines and vaccines, aids in pollution control, and provides tools like DNA fingerprinting for forensic investigations.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked for professional uses, provide examples from various sectors like agriculture (GMOs, biofertilizers), health (diagnostics, medicines, gene therapy), and forensics (DNA fingerprinting), highlighting specific applications within each.

b. Importance of medicinal plants.
Answer:
• In Ayurveda practices, the natural remedies were used. Since India had great biodiversity and traditional knowledge of herbal medicinal uses, therefore, people depended on such medicinal plants.
• In olden days, such herbs were collected by roaming in the jungles.
• Such important medicinal herbs are now cultivated with care.
• In entire world people have understood the importance of holy basil (tulsi), Adulsa, Jyesthmadh, etc.
• In some of the allopathy medicines too, the plant extracts are used.
• Medicines made from harmful chemicals have side effects and are not safe to be used unless there is medical supervision. Therefore, world-wide herbal remedies are gaining more popularity.
In simple words: Medicinal plants are highly important due to their historical use in traditional medicine, rich biodiversity, and the growing global preference for natural remedies over chemical-based medicines. They offer fewer side effects and are increasingly cultivated for their therapeutic properties.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing the importance of medicinal plants, emphasize their historical use in traditional systems like Ayurveda, their natural origin with fewer side effects compared to chemical drugs, and their increasing global recognition.

Question 5. Answer the following questions in your own words.
a. Which products produced through biotechnology do you use in your daily life?
Answer:
• The simplest use of biotechnology that we practice at home is making curd and buttermilk.
• The primary type of biotechnology is used in the process of fermentation while making food stuffs, like bread, idli-dosa, dhokla, etc.
• Nowadays, different types of cheese, paneer, yoghurt, energy drinks, etc. are produced with the help of biotechnology. We are consuming these in our daily life.
• Seedless grapes, papaya, and watermelons are available in the market these days.
• Violet cabbage, yellow capsicum and exotic vegetables used for salad are also biotechnology products.
• The vaccines, antibiotics and the injections of human insulin are in regular use in many house-holds.
In simple words: Many everyday products involve biotechnology, from fermented foods like curd, bread, and cheese, to modern items like seedless fruits and exotic vegetables. Crucially, biotechnology also provides essential health products such as vaccines, antibiotics, and human insulin.

🎯 Exam Tip: When identifying biotechnology products in daily life, think broadly across food production (fermentation, GMOs), and health (medicines, vaccines) to provide a comprehensive answer.

b. Which precautions will you take during spraying of pesticides?
Answer:
• Pesticides are toxic chemicals. By using them indiscriminately, they contaminate the water, soil and also crops.
• The D.D.T., chloropyriphos and malathion are very dangerous. They spread through the food chain causing biomagnification.
• Therefore, we shall not use such insecticides and pesticides. We shall use organic pesticides. Excessive use will be avoided.
• At the time of spraying, nose, eyes and skin will be covered and protected.
• Care will be taken not to allow children or domestic animals to come in, contact with a pesticide.
In simple words: When spraying pesticides, it is crucial to use organic alternatives to minimize environmental contamination and biomagnification in the food chain. Personal protective gear like masks, goggles, and skin coverings should be worn, and strict measures must be taken to prevent exposure to children and domestic animals due to the toxic nature of these chemicals.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on both environmental responsibility (using organic, avoiding excessive use) and personal safety (protective gear, preventing exposure) when outlining precautions for pesticide use.

c. Why some of the organs in human body are most valuable?
Answer:
• The body can be in best health,if all the vital organs of the body are also in the best condition.
• Brain, kidney, heart, liver, etc. are some such vital organs which are most essential for proper metabolism and functioning of the body. The sense organs of the body are also of utmost importance, especially eyes.
• One cannot survive if any of these vital organs are not functioning properly. Some of the organs like brain will never regenerate too.
• Some of the organs can be brought back to functionality by performing surgeries. However, any problem with these vital organs make life miserable, therefore, they are said to be valuable.
In simple words: Certain human organs are invaluable because they are essential for survival and overall bodily function, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver. Malfunction of these organs can be life-threatening or severely impair quality of life, and some, like the brain, lack regenerative capacity, making their healthy function critical.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the direct link between vital organs and survival/proper body function, and mention the lack of regeneration in some cases to explain their invaluable nature.

d. Explain the importance of fruit processing in human life?
Answer:
(1) Fruits are perishable food stuff. They are spoilt soon if not consumed immediately. Hence for storage and usage for a long term, their preservation is absolutely essential.
(2) For year-long use of the fruits they are dried, salted, packed in air tight containers, used for preparing jams and jellies or condensed into pulps or syrups. Beverages, pickles, sauce, and various other products made from the fruits are largely used by us.
(3) The preserved products also fetch financial benefits.
(4) In national and international markets, Indian fruits like mangoes are in great demand. We can get foreign currency through exports of fruits and fruit products. The local horticulturists get good benefit from their orchards.
(5) Processed fruit products also give vitamins and minerals that help in maintaining good health. Thus fruit processing is important for human life.
In simple words: Fruit processing is vital for extending shelf life, making fruits available year-round, and creating diverse products like jams and juices. It also provides significant economic benefits through trade and exports, while ensuring that consumers receive essential vitamins and minerals for good health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the practical benefits (preservation, year-round availability, product diversification) and economic advantages (exports, farmer income) when explaining the importance of fruit processing.

e. Explain the meaning of vaccination.
Answer:
• Vaccination is the administering of vaccine. Vaccine is the 'antigen', given to a person or even to animals for acquiring immunity against particular pathogens or diseases.
• In olden days, vaccipes were prepared with the help of completely or partially killed pathogens. But this method causes some inconvenience. Some persons were allergic to such raw vaccines or they contracted the same disease through such vaccines.
• Hence in recent times the vaccines are produced by using biotechnology. These vaccines are artificial which are synthesised in the laboratories.
• The antigen is produced with the help of gene of the pathogen. Such vaccine becomes safe for administering.
• These antigenic proteins are injected to people to make their immune systems strong. This process of vaccination is absolutely safe. The vaccines are more thermostable and active for a long period of time.
In simple words: Vaccination involves introducing a vaccine, an antigen, into a body to stimulate immunity against specific diseases. Modern biotechnology has advanced vaccine production, creating safer, laboratory-synthesized vaccines that are more stable and effective, by using the pathogen's gene to produce specific antigenic proteins.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define vaccination clearly as the administration of an antigen to gain immunity. Emphasize the shift from traditional killed pathogen vaccines to safer, biotechnologically produced artificial vaccines based on specific antigens.

Question 6. Complete the following chart.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक फ्लोचार्ट है जो जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के विभिन्न लाभों को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक केंद्रीय बॉक्स 'Merits of Biotechnology' है, जिसके चारों ओर आठ खाली बॉक्स हैं जिन्हें जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के विशिष्ट उपयोगों से भरना है। यह छात्रों को जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के बहुआयामी अनुप्रयोगों को समझने में मदद करता है।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक भरा हुआ फ्लोचार्ट है जो जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के विभिन्न लाभों को दर्शाता है। केंद्रीय बॉक्स 'Merits of Biotechnology' से निकलकर, यह कृषि उत्पादन में वृद्धि, पर्यावरण के लिए उपचारात्मक उपाय, पर्यावरणीय तनाव का सामना करने वाली फसलें, पशुपालन, जीन थेरेपी, विभिन्न टीके, हार्मोन और दवाएं, और डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग जैसे क्षेत्रों में इसके उपयोग को स्पष्ट करता है।

Remediation measures for Environment	Increase in agricultural production	Crops that can resist the environmental stress
Gene therapy	Merits of Biotechnology	Animal Husbandry
DNA finger printing	Different vaccines and Edible vaccines	Hormones and Medicines for human health

In simple words: This chart illustrates the diverse benefits of biotechnology, including improving agricultural yields, developing stress-resistant crops, enhancing animal husbandry, creating advanced medical treatments like gene therapy, producing vaccines and hormones, aiding environmental remediation, and enabling forensic tools like DNA fingerprinting.

🎯 Exam Tip: For chart completion questions, categorize the benefits of biotechnology into key areas like agriculture, health, environment, and forensics, and provide specific examples for each category.

Question 7. Write the correct answer in blank boxes.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक माइंड मैप जैसा आरेख है जिसमें केंद्रीय विचार 'Uses of stem cells' है, और उससे निकलने वाले तीन खाली बॉक्स हैं। इन खाली बॉक्स को स्टेम सेल के विशिष्ट उपयोगों से भरना है। यह छात्रों को स्टेम सेल के विभिन्न अनुप्रयोगों को समझने में मदद करता है।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूर्ण आरेख है जो स्टेम कोशिकाओं के उपयोग को दर्शाता है। केंद्रीय अवधारणा 'Uses of Stem Cells' है, जिससे तीन शाखाएँ निकलती हैं: 'Regenerative therapy production of blood cells', 'Organ transplantation', और 'Cell therapy'. यह स्पष्ट रूप से स्टेम कोशिकाओं के मुख्य अनुप्रयोगों को प्रदर्शित करता है।

Regenerative therapy
production of blood cells
\( \uparrow \)
Use of Stem Cells
Organ transplantation
Cell therapy
In simple words: Stem cells are utilized in regenerative therapy for producing new blood cells, for organ transplantation to replace damaged organs, and in various cell therapies to treat diseases by repairing or replacing dysfunctional cells and tissues.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing diagrams about stem cell uses, remember the three main applications: regenerative medicine (e.g., blood cell production), organ transplantation, and direct cell-based therapies for various diseases.

Question 8. Identify and complete the following correlations:
a. Insulin: Diabetes :: Interleukin : ...........
Answer:
Insulin: Diabetes :: Interleukin : Cancer
In simple words: Just as insulin is associated with regulating blood sugar and is deficient in diabetes, interleukins are signaling proteins involved in immune responses, and their manipulation is relevant in cancer therapy.

🎯 Exam Tip: For correlation questions, identify the relationship between the first pair (e.g., hormone-disease, substance-function) and apply the same logic to complete the second pair.

b. Interferon : ........... :: Erythropoietin : Anaemia.
Answer:
Interferon: Viral infection : : Erythropoietin : Anaemia.
In simple words: Interferon is a protein produced by the body in response to viral infections, helping to inhibit virus replication. Similarly, erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, and its deficiency can lead to anaemia.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that these correlations often link a biological substance or treatment with the specific condition it addresses or is primarily known for.

c. ............ : Dwarfness :: Factor VIII : Haemophilia.
Answer:
Somatostatin : Dwarfness : : Factor VIII : Haemophilia.
In simple words: Dwarfness can be associated with imbalances in growth hormones, which somatostatin regulates. Factor VIII is a clotting protein, and its deficiency causes haemophilia, a bleeding disorder.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the disease or condition with its direct biological cause or a substance whose imbalance leads to it.

d. White revolution : Dairy :: Blue revolution : ............
Answer:
White revolution: Dairy :: Blue revolution: Fishery
In simple words: The White Revolution refers to the significant increase in dairy production, while the Blue Revolution signifies the major advancements and increased productivity in the fishery and aquaculture sector.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the historical context of "revolutions" in specific sectors: "White" for milk/dairy and "Blue" for aquatic resources/fishery.

Question 9. Write a comparative note on usefulness and harmfulness of biotechnology. (OR) "Biotechnology is not only beneficial but it has some harmful effects too". Express your opinion about this statement.
Answer:
(1) Biotechnology has proved to be useful in the field of agriculture, medicine, clean technology and industrial products.
(2) Due to various biotechnological experiments, the food production is increased substantially. The milk and milk products are now freely available. People no longer die of hunger due to abundant food supply.
(3) The sophisticated vaccines have stopped the spread of epidemics.
(4) The diseases like diabetes can be controlled due to human insulin injections that can be manufactured by biotechnology.
(5) The problems of pollution control, solid waste management and fuels are partially tackled by biotechnological alternatives.
(6) Though all such positive aspects are there, the biotechnology also poses some problems. The genetic changes are breaking the principles of nature. By inserting human genes in bacteria or virus, the products that are needed only for humans are produced.
(7) Human cloning is also a debatable issue. It will cause social and ethical problems. The new generations formed by cloning will have mothers but no fathers. If man tries to manipulate the genomes of other living organisms, it will cause disturbances in the natural balance. The long ternT effects of all such genetic manipulations can be disastrous. Thus, according to some views, biotechnology can be dangerous too.
In simple words: Biotechnology offers significant benefits in increasing food production, developing vaccines and medicines, and aiding pollution control. However, it also presents ethical dilemmas, such as the manipulation of natural genetic principles and the social implications of human cloning, which could disrupt natural balance and have long-term disastrous effects.

🎯 Exam Tip: For comparative notes, structure your answer with clear sections on benefits (e.g., agriculture, health, environment) and disadvantages/ethical concerns (e.g., altering nature, cloning), providing specific examples for each.

Can You Recall? (Text Book Page No. 88)

Question 1. What is cell?
Answer:
The structural and functional unit of the body is called a cell.
In simple words: A cell is the most basic and fundamental unit of life, responsible for all the structures and activities that occur within an organism.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the universal definition: cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of all known organisms. This is a foundational concept in biology.

Question 2. What is tissue? What are the functions of tissue?
Answer:
Tissue is a group of cells that performs a similar and definite function. E.g. The muscular tissues in the body perform contraction and extensions thereby helping in locomotion. The conducting tissues of the plants like xylem and phloem transport the water and food respectively.
In simple words: A tissue is a collection of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. For instance, muscle tissue enables movement, and plant tissues like xylem and phloem transport water and nutrients.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define tissue as a group of similar cells with a common function. Provide diverse examples from both animals (e.g., muscle for movement) and plants (e.g., xylem/phloem for transport) to illustrate its functions.

Question 3. Which technique in relation to tissues have you studied in earlier classes?
Answer:
The technique of tissue culture and genetic engineering has been studied last year. Tissue culture is 'Ex vivo growth of cells or tissues in an aseptic and nutrient-rich medium'. Genetic engineering and its use has also been studied under, 'Introduction to biotechnology'.
In simple words: In earlier classes, students learned about tissue culture, which involves growing cells or tissues outside the body in a controlled environment, and genetic engineering, which focuses on manipulating an organism's genes. Both are fundamental to biotechnology.

🎯 Exam Tip: When recalling previously studied techniques, focus on those that involve manipulating biological material at cellular or genetic levels, such as tissue culture and genetic engineering.

Question 4. Which are the various processes in tissue culture?
Answer:
Various step-wise processes are done while performing the-tissue culture. These processes are primary treatment, reproduction/cell division/multiplication, shooting or rooting, primary hardening, secondary hardening, etc.
In simple words: Tissue culture involves a series of steps including initial treatment of the tissue, encouraging cell reproduction and multiplication, promoting the development of shoots and roots, and then gradually acclimating the young plants through primary and secondary hardening phases before planting.

🎯 Exam Tip: List the key stages of tissue culture in a logical sequence, from initial preparation to the development and hardening of new plantlets, to show a complete understanding of the process.

Observe: (Text Book Page No. 88)

Question 1. Assign names in the figure given below. Explain the various stages those are kept blank:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक साइक्लिक (चक्रीय) आरेख है जो ऊतक संवर्धन (Tissue Culture) की प्रक्रिया को दर्शाता है। इसमें एक स्रोत पौधा (Source plant) और एक बल्ब कॉर्म (Bulb corm) दिखाया गया है, जिससे ऊतक लिए जाते हैं। आरेख में विभिन्न चरणों के लिए खाली बॉक्स हैं जिन्हें भरना है, जैसे 'Primary treatment', 'Reproduction/Multiplication', 'Shooting and rooting', 'Primary hardening' और 'Secondary hardening'.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह ऊतक संवर्धन (Tissue Culture) प्रक्रिया का एक पूर्ण साइक्लिक आरेख है। यह एक स्रोत पौधे और बल्ब कॉर्म से शुरू होकर, 'Primary treatment', 'Tissue culture', 'Reproduction/Multiplication', 'Shooting and rooting', 'Primary hardening', और 'Secondary hardening' जैसे चरणों को क्रमबद्ध तरीके से दिखाता है, जो अंततः नए पौधों के विकास की ओर ले जाता है।

			Bulb corm of source plant
Secondary hardening			Source plant
Primary hardening	Tissue culture	Primary treatment
Shooting and rooting	Reproduction/ Multiplication

Tissue Culture: Tissue culture is the technique in which 'ex vivo growth of cells or tissues in an aseptic and nutrient-rich medium' is done. While performing experiments of tissue culture, a liquid, solid or gel-like " medium prepared from agar, is used. Such medium supplies nutrients and energy necessary for tissue culture technique. Different processes are to be done while performing tissue culture, viz. primary treatment, reproduction or multiplication, shooting and rooting, primary hardening, secondary hardening, etc. From the source plant, required tissues are taken out and all the processes are carried in an aseptic medium in laboratory.
In simple words: Tissue culture is a laboratory technique for growing cells or tissues from a plant in a sterile, nutrient-rich environment. The process involves initial treatment, multiplication of cells, inducing shoot and root formation, and then gradually strengthening the developed plantlets for survival outside the lab.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining a diagram about tissue culture, ensure to name each stage accurately and briefly describe what happens in that stage, from initial tissue isolation to final plantlet development and hardening.

(Use your brain power. (Text Book Page No. 89)

Question 1. Just like the grafting in plants, is the organ transplantation possible in humans?
Answer:
The grafting as done in case of plants, cannot be done in human beings. But the transplantation of certain organs can be done. Liver, kidney, heart, eyes, etc. can be transplanted. But for these transplantations the donor and the recipient should match with each other in respect of their bloodr groups, age, disease condition, etc. In future, the stem cell research can bring about certain changes in the field of transplantations.
In simple words: While direct grafting like in plants is not done in humans, organ transplantation is possible for specific organs like the liver or kidney. Successful human transplants require careful matching between donor and recipient for factors like blood group and tissue compatibility to prevent rejection, with stem cell research offering future possibilities for advancements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between plant grafting and human organ transplantation; highlight the necessity of donor-recipient matching (blood group, age, disease status) and the role of stem cell research in advancing transplantation methods.

(Text Book Page No. 94)

Question 1. What will happen if the transgenic potatoes are cooked before consumption?
Answer:
Some types of transgenic potatotes that contain edible vaccine against Hepatitis can be cooked. The cooking does not destroy the antigen incorporated into these transgenic potatoes. But according to some scientists, transgenic potatoes with enterotoxin vaccine, if cooked shows denaturation of vaccine.
In simple words: Cooking transgenic potatoes depends on the type of vaccine they contain; those with Hepatitis vaccines might retain their effectiveness, but some enterotoxin vaccines could become denatured and ineffective when cooked. The heat during cooking can alter the vaccine's protein structure.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing transgenic foods and cooking, differentiate the stability of various incorporated components; some antigens (like Hepatitis vaccine) may be heat-stable, while others (like enterotoxin vaccine) might denature upon cooking.

Choose the correct alternative and write its alphabet against the sub-question number:

Question 1. The property of stem cells is called .............
(a) diversity
(b) equality
(c) differentiation
(d) pluripotency
Answer: (d) pluripotency
In simple words: Pluripotency is the unique characteristic of stem cells that allows them to differentiate into almost any cell type in the body. This ability makes them highly valuable for regenerative medicine and research.

🎯 Exam Tip: For stem cell properties, remember 'pluripotency' as the key term describing their ability to differentiate into various cell types, which is distinct from mere 'diversity' or 'differentiation' itself.

Question 2. Cell ........... starts from 14th day of conception.
(a) development
(b) specialization
(c) growth
(d) differentiation
Answer: (d) differentiation
In simple words: Cell differentiation, the process by which cells become specialized for a particular function, typically begins around the 14th day of conception. This is when cells start to take on distinct roles that will form different tissues and organs.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate the "14th day of conception" with the onset of cell differentiation, as this is when embryonic cells begin to commit to specific cell lineages and functions.

Question 3. Availability of ............ is an important requirement in organ transplantation.
(a) doctor
(b) clinic
(c) donor
(d) ambulance
Answer: (c) donor
In simple words: For any organ transplantation to occur, the primary and most critical requirement is the availability of a suitable donor organ. Without a donor, the procedure cannot proceed.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify the fundamental component for an organ transplant. While doctors, clinics, and ambulances are necessary, the 'donor' provides the essential organ itself.

Question 4. The toxin which is lethal for ........... was produced in leaves and bolls of BT cotton.
(a) bollworm
(b) locust
(c) birds
(d) frogs
Answer: (a) bollworm
In simple words: BT cotton is genetically modified to produce a toxin that is specifically lethal to bollworms, a common pest that attacks cotton crops. This helps protect the plant from insect damage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recall the specific pest that Bt cotton is engineered to resist. The 'Bt' in Bt cotton refers to *Bacillus thuringiensis*, which produces a protein toxic to certain insect larvae, notably bollworms.

Question 5. Transgenic raw potatoes generate the immunity against ............ disease.
(a) plague
(b) cholera
(c) leprosy
(d) TB
Answer: (b) cholera
In simple words: Transgenic raw potatoes are being developed to contain edible vaccines that can generate immunity against diseases like cholera. This innovative approach aims to provide a convenient and accessible way to deliver vaccines.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect the specific example of transgenic raw potatoes with the disease it's designed to combat for immunity, which is notably cholera in research contexts.

Rewrite The Following Wrong Statements After Corrections:

 

Question 1. High-class varieties of crops have been developed through the technique of transplantation.
Answer: High-class varieties of crops have been developed through the technique of tissue-culture.
In simple words: High-class crops are created using tissue culture, not transplantation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the difference between tissue culture and transplantation is key for distinguishing techniques in biotechnology.

 

Question 2. Earlier, insulin was being collected from, the pancreas of pigs.
Answer: Earlier, insulin was being collected from the- pancreas of horses.
In simple words: Historically, insulin was sourced from horses, not pigs, before modern biotechnological methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the historical context of insulin production highlights the advancements in biotechnology.

 

Question 3. Malaria arises due to genetic changes in hepatocytes.
Answer: Phenylketonuria (PKT) arises due to genetic changes in hepatocytes.
In simple words: Phenylketonuria (PKT) is a genetic disorder linked to hepatocytes, while malaria is caused by a parasite, not genetic changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between genetic disorders and infectious diseases; this is a common area for misconceptions.

 

Question 4. The E.coli bacteria are useful for cleaning the hydrocarbon and oil pollutants from soil and water.
Answer: The Pseudomonas bacteria are useful for cleaning the hydrocarbon and oil pollutants from soil and water.
In simple words: Pseudomonas bacteria are effective in cleaning up hydrocarbon and oil pollution in soil and water.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific microorganisms and their roles in bioremediation.

 

Question 5. Various essential elements like N, P, K are removed and hence become unavailable to the crops due to earthworms and fungi.
Answer: Various essential elements like N, P, K become available to crops due to earthworms and fungi.
In simple words: Earthworms and fungi help make essential nutrients like N, P, K available to crops, not remove them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the beneficial roles of decomposers and soil organisms in nutrient cycling.

 

Question 6. We do not have any tradition that cures the diseases with the help of natural resources.
Answer: We have a great tradition of ayurveda that cures the diseases with the help of natural resources.
In simple words: India has a rich tradition, Ayurveda, which uses natural resources for healing.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize the importance of traditional medical systems like Ayurveda and their use of natural remedies.

Match The Pairs:

 

Question 1.

Scientist	Contribution
(1) Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravarti	(a) Wheat production in America
(2) Dr. M. S. Swaminathan	(b) White revolution
	(c) Green revolution in India
	(d) Cleaning the oil spill

Answer:
(1) Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravarti - Cleaning the oil spill
(2) Dr. M.S. Swaminathan - Green revolution in India
In simple words: Dr. Chakravarti is known for cleaning oil spills, and Dr. Swaminathan for spearheading the Green Revolution in India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key scientists and their significant contributions to important scientific revolutions or advancements.

 

Question 2.

Organism	Substance that is absorbed
(1) Pseudomonas	(a) Uranium and arsenic
(2) Pteris vitata	(b) Selenium
	(c) Arsenic
	(d) Hydrocarbons

Answer:
(1) Pseudomonas - Hydrocarbons
(2) Pteris vitata - Arsenic
In simple words: Pseudomonas bacteria absorb hydrocarbons, while Pteris vitata (a fern) absorbs arsenic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the specific bioremediation capabilities of different organisms.

Find The Odd Man Out:

 

Question 1. Green revolution, Industrial revolution, White revolution, Blue revolution
Answer: Industrial revolution. (All others are concerned with food.)
In simple words: The Industrial Revolution is about manufacturing and technology, while the others (Green, White, Blue Revolutions) are focused on increasing food production.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize revolutions based on their primary focus (e.g., food production vs. industrial development).

 

Question 2. DDT, malathion, chloropyriphos, Humus
Answer: Humus. (All others are insecticides.)
In simple words: Humus is decomposed organic matter, whereas DDT, malathion, and chloropyriphos are chemical insecticides.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to identify common insecticides and distinguish them from natural soil components.

 

Question 3. Sodium, Aluminium, Potassium, Phosphorus
Answer: Aluminium. (All others are essential elements for plant growth.)
In simple words: Sodium, potassium, and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants, but aluminium is not typically considered an essential plant nutrient.

🎯 Exam Tip: Know the major essential macronutrients required for plant growth (N, P, K, etc.).

 

Question 4. Diabetes, Anaemia, Leukaemia, Thalassemia
Answer: Diabetes. (All other diseases involve reduction in the number of blood cells.)
In simple words: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar, while anaemia, leukaemia, and thalassemia are conditions affecting blood cell count or function.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classify diseases based on their primary physiological impact or affected body system.

 

Question 5. Drying, Salting, Cooking, Soaking with sugar
Answer: Cooking. (All others are food preservative methods.)
In simple words: Drying, salting, and soaking with sugar are methods used to preserve food, while cooking is a preparation method that often precedes consumption, not a long-term preservation technique itself.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify different food preservation techniques and distinguish them from cooking methods.

Identify And Complete The Following Correlations:

 

Question 1. White revolution : Increase in dairy production : : Green revolution : ..........
Answer: White revolution : Increase in dairy production : : Green revolution : Increase in agricultural production or crop yield
In simple words: The White Revolution boosted dairy production, just as the Green Revolution increased agricultural output.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the scope and impact of different "revolutions" in food and agriculture.

 

Question 2. Nostoc, Anabaena : Biofertilizers : : Alfalfa : ..........
Answer: Nostoc, Anabaena : Biofertilizers :: Alfalfa : Phytoremediation.
In simple words: Nostoc and Anabaena are used as biofertilizers, similar to how Alfalfa is used in phytoremediation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Learn examples of organisms and their specific applications in biotechnology, such as biofertilizers and phytoremediation plants.

Give Definition/Give Meanings:

 

Question 1. Stem cell or what are stem cells?
Answer: The special cells having pluripotency and ability to divide and differentiate into new cells are called stem cells. They are present in multicellular living beings.
In simple words: Stem cells are unique cells with the ability to both self-renew and develop into various specialized cell types in the body.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key terms to remember for stem cells are "pluripotency" and "differentiation."

 

Question 2. Biotechnology.
Answer: Technology that brings about artificial genetic changes and hybridization in organisms for human welfare is called biotechnology.
In simple words: Biotechnology uses biological systems and organisms to create products and technologies for human benefit, often involving genetic manipulation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "artificial genetic changes" and "human welfare" aspects in your definition.

 

Question 3. Genetically modified crops.
Answer: Crops having desired characters are developed by integrating foreign gene with their genome, such crops have modified genome and are known as genetically modified crops.
In simple words: Genetically modified crops are plants whose DNA has been altered by adding genes from other organisms to give them desired traits like pest resistance or increased yield.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core idea of GMOs is the integration of "foreign genes" to achieve "desired characters."

 

Question 4. Golden rice.
Answer: Biotechnologically developed variety of rice in which gene synthesizing the vitamin A (Beta carotene) has been incorporated and which contains 23 times more amount of beta carotene than that of the normal variety is called golden rice. It was developed in 2005.
In simple words: Golden rice is a genetically modified rice designed to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, helping combat Vitamin A deficiency.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Golden Rice as a key example of biotechnology addressing nutritional deficiencies, specifically Vitamin A.

 

Question 5. Vaccine.
Answer: The 'antigen' containing material given to a person or animal to acquire either permanent or temporary immunity against a specific pathogen or disease is called a vaccine.
In simple words: A vaccine is a substance containing antigens that stimulates an immune response, providing protection against a specific disease.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize "antigen" and "immunity" when defining a vaccine.

 

Question 6. Cloning.
Answer: Production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism through biotechnological process is called cloning.
In simple words: Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of a cell, organ, or an entire organism using biotechnological methods.

🎯 Exam Tip: The key concept of cloning is producing an exact "replica" or "genetically identical copy."

 

Question 7. DNA fingerprint.
Answer: The nucleotide sequence present on the DNA of each person is unique just like the fingerprint, thus for establishing the identity of any person DNA can be analysed, this technique is known as DNA fingerprinting.
In simple words: DNA fingerprinting is a technique that identifies an individual based on their unique DNA nucleotide sequences, similar to how fingerprints are unique.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the uniqueness of DNA sequences and its application in "establishing identity."

 

Question 8. Green revolution.
Answer: All the methods applied for harvesting maximum yield from minimum land are collectively referred to as green revolution.
In simple words: The Green Revolution refers to agricultural advancements aimed at significantly increasing crop yield, especially in developing countries, through improved varieties and farming techniques.

🎯 Exam Tip: Associate "Green Revolution" with "maximum yield" and "minimum land" through agricultural innovation.

 

Question 9. White revolution.
Answer: Achieving the self-sufficiency in dairy business, by performing various experiments for quality control, bringing about newer dairy products and their preservation and thus raising economic standards is called white revolution.
In simple words: The White Revolution signifies the rapid increase in milk production and dairy development to achieve self-sufficiency and improve economic standards.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember "White Revolution" is specifically about "dairy business" and "milk production."

 

Question 10. Blue revolution.
Answer: The aquaculture practices to increase the yield of edible aquatic organisms is called blue revolution.
In simple words: The Blue Revolution focuses on increasing the production of edible aquatic organisms through aquaculture, such as fish and shellfish farming.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link "Blue Revolution" directly to "aquaculture" and "aquatic organisms."

Name The Following:

 

Question 1. Research institutes involved with cell science.
Answer:
• National Centre of Cell Science, Pune
• Instem, Bengaluru.
In simple words: Important Indian research centers for cell science include the National Centre of Cell Science in Pune and Instem in Bengaluru.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize key national research institutes relevant to biotechnology and cell science.

 

Question 2. Sources of stem cells.
Answer:
• Umbilical cord
• Embryonic cells
• Redbone marrow
• Adipose connective tissue and blood of adult human being.
In simple words: Stem cells can be obtained from various sources, including umbilical cord blood, embryos, red bone marrow, and adult tissues like adipose tissue.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be able to list both embryonic and adult sources of stem cells.

 

Question 3. Types of Stem cells.
Answer:
• Embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells.
In simple words: The two primary categories of stem cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

🎯 Exam Tip: Distinguish between embryonic and adult stem cells as the main classifications.

 

Question 4. Organs that can be donated.
Answer: Eyes, heart, pancreas, liver, kidneys, skin, J bones, lungs.
In simple words: Many organs and tissues, such as eyes, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, skin, and certain bones, can be donated to save or improve lives.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a diverse range of organs and tissues that are commonly donated for transplantation.

 

Question 5. Organisms used as biofertilizers.
Answer: Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Nostoc, Anabaena, Azolla.
In simple words: Common biofertilizers include bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, and cyanobacteria such as Nostoc and Anabaena, along with the fern Azolla.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember specific examples of microorganisms and plants that act as biofertilizers.

 

Question 6. Two main methods used in animal husbandry.
Answer:
1. Artificial insemination
2. Embryo transfer.
In simple words: Artificial insemination and embryo transfer are two key biotechnological methods employed in animal husbandry to improve livestock breeds.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on these two methods as primary applications of biotechnology in animal breeding.

 

Question 7. Two important aspects of human health management.
Answer:
1. Diagnosis
2. Treatment of diseases.
In simple words: Effective human health management relies on accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of diseases.

🎯 Exam Tip: Diagnosis and treatment are fundamental pillars of healthcare and disease management.

 

Question 8. Place where DNA fingerprinting research is done in India.
Answer: Centre of DNA fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.
In simple words: In India, the Centre of DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics in Hyderabad is a key institution for DNA fingerprinting research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note this specific institute as a prominent center for DNA fingerprinting in India.

 

Question 9. One benefit of biotechnology to the agriculture.
Answer: Expenses on the pesticides are reduced.
In simple words: Biotechnology can significantly reduce the cost of pesticides by developing pest-resistant crops.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight cost reduction in pesticide use as a practical benefit of agricultural biotechnology.

Scientific Reasons:

 

Question 1. Nowadays, safer vaccines are being produced.
Answer:
• Before the advent of biotechnology, the vaccines were made from inactive or dead pathogens of that disease.
• But now the vaccine is made artificially using biotechnological processes.
• Such vaccines produced some disease symptoms in some cases.
• The antigen of the disease is researched upon and its genetic code is found out.
• A similar antigen is made in the laboratories which is used as a vaccine.
• Such vaccines are more thermostable and remain active for longer duration. Therefore, the vaccines are now safer.
In simple words: Modern vaccines are safer because biotechnology allows for the artificial production of specific antigens, rather than using whole pathogens, resulting in more stable and effective vaccines with fewer side effects.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining vaccine safety, contrast traditional methods (whole pathogens) with biotechnological approaches (specific antigens, genetic code) and their advantages.

 

Question 2. Awareness about organ donation after death is increasing.
Answer:
• Due to accidents or illness, some of the vital organs may get damaged and may not work to fullest capacity.
• In such cases, if organ transplantation is done, it will be very helpful for that needy patient.
• The dead person's organs can be used for organ transplantation and a life can be saved.
• Many government and social organizations are spreading awareness about such donations. Therefore, gradually the awareness about organ transplantation is increasing.
In simple words: Awareness for organ donation is growing because it allows vital organs from deceased individuals to save the lives of patients suffering from organ failure, and government and social organizations actively promote this life-saving practice.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the humanitarian aspect (saving lives) and the role of public awareness campaigns in promoting organ donation.

Answer The Following Questions:

 

Question 1. Write two uses of biotechnology related to human health. (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:
1. Biotechnology is used to manufacture vaccines for controlling diseases.
2. Different hormones such as insulin, somatotropin and somatostatin can be prepared in laboratories by using new biotechnological processes. The clotting factors are also manufactured through such techniques.
In simple words: Biotechnology aids human health by enabling the production of vaccines to fight diseases and by synthesizing various hormones and clotting factors for medical treatment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear, distinct examples like vaccine production and hormone synthesis when asked for applications in human health.

 

Question 2. Answer the following questions:
(a) What is biotechnology?
(b) Explain any two commercial applications of it.
Answer:
(a) Biotechnology: Technology that brings about artificial genetic changes and hybridization in organisms for human welfare is called biotechnology.
(b)
• The treatment and prevention of diseases need hormones, interferons, antibiotics and different vaccine which are now manufactured through biotechnology. Gene therapy is also used to treat hereditary disorders.
• Industrial products and clean technology to combat environmental pollution uses biotechnology practices.
• DNA fingerprinting has revolutionized the profession of forensic science.
In simple words: Biotechnology involves manipulating organisms for human benefit, with commercial applications including the production of medicines like vaccines and hormones, and its use in industrial processes for pollution control and forensic science.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure your definition is concise and your examples for commercial applications cover different fields, like medicine and environmental science.

 

Question 3. What is mainly included under biotechnology?
Answer: Biotechnology includes the following main areas:
• Abilities of microbes are used in producing yoghurt from milk and making alcohol from molasses.
• Production of antibiotics and vaccines, etc. is carried out by with the help of specific cells using their productivity.
• Bio-molecules like DNA and proteins are used for human welfare.
• By performing gene manipulation, plants, animals and products of desired quality are produced. Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce human hormones such as Human Growth Hormone and insulin.
• Tissue culture is a non-genetic technique which is used for production of new cells or tissues. Hybrid seeds are also produced in a similar way.
In simple words: Biotechnology encompasses using microbes for food and alcohol production, cell cultures for antibiotics and vaccines, employing biomolecules like DNA for welfare, genetic manipulation to create desired traits in plants and animals, and tissue culture for cell and tissue production.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing inclusions, aim for a broad range of applications covering microbial, cellular, molecular, and genetic aspects.

 

Question 4. What are edible vaccines?
Answer:
• Edible vaccines are those which are given as a food by incorporating them into the food-stuff.
• Such edible vaccines are produced through biotechnology.
• Transgenic potatoes are produced with the help of biotechnology which contain vaccine that act against bacteria like Vibrio cholera, Escherichiatoli.
• If raw potatoes are consumed, then the immunity is generated in the body of a person. However, eating only raw potatoes generates the immunity against cholera and the disease caused due to E. coli.
In simple words: Edible vaccines are genetically engineered food items, like transgenic potatoes, that produce antigens to generate immunity against diseases such as cholera when consumed raw.

🎯 Exam Tip: Key aspects of edible vaccines are "incorporated into food," "produced through biotechnology," and "generate immunity."

 

Question 5. What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain it in brief. Where is this technique used? Give any two examples. (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
Answer:
• As the fingerprints are unique for every individual, similarly the nucleotide sequence in the DNA molecule is also unique.
• By knowing this sequence, one can find out the identity of any person. Such technique to establish the identity of a person by taking into consideration the nucleotide sequence is called DNA fingerprinting.
• Its main use is in forensic sciences to confirm the identity of the criminal.
• Similarly, identity of parents in case of disputed parentage for any child can be understood by taking DNA fingerprints of both the parents and a child.
In simple words: DNA fingerprinting identifies individuals by analyzing their unique DNA sequences, commonly used in forensic science to identify criminals and in paternity disputes to confirm biological relationships.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define DNA fingerprinting by highlighting the uniqueness of DNA sequences, then provide specific, practical applications like forensics and paternity testing.

Write Short Notes On:

 

Question 1. Uses of stem cells.
Answer: Stem cells are used for following purposes:
• In regenerative therapy stem cells are used.
• In case of diseased conditions like diabetes, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc., stem cells can be used to replace the damaged or functionless cells.
• In conditions such as anaemia, thalassaemia, leukaemia, etc. there is always the need of newer blood cells. Here, stem cells can be used to restore the number of blood cells.
• In techniques of organ transplantation stem cells can be used and they can help in the transplantation of new organs such as kidney and liver The defective organs can be replaced by those that are produced with the help of stem cells and transplanted.
In simple words: Stem cells are valuable in regenerative medicine to replace damaged cells, treat diseases like diabetes and Parkinson's, restore blood cell counts in conditions like leukaemia, and assist in growing new organs for transplantation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing stem cell uses, categorize them by therapeutic areas like regenerative therapy, disease treatment, blood cell restoration, and organ transplantation.

 

Question 2. Cloning.
Answer:
• Cloning is the modern technique in which there is production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism is done.
• There are two types of cloning, viz. (i) Reproductive cloning and (ii) Therapeutic cloning.
• Reproductive cloning: In reproductive cloning, a clone is produced by fusion of a nucleus of diploid somatic cell with the enucleated ovum of anybody. In the process, the sperm or male gamete is not needed.
• Therapeutic cloning: This technique is largely used for treatment purpose. Stem cells are derived from the cell formed in laboratory by the union of somatic cell nucleus with the enucleated egg cell.
• This technique is used for therapy of various diseases.
• Gene cloning can also be done to form millions of copies of same gene. Such genes are used for gene therapy and other purposes.
• Due to cloning technique, the inheritance of hereditary diseases can be controlled, continuation of generations can be achieved and certain characteristic genes can be enhanced.
• However, for human cloning, there is world-wide opposition due to ethical reasons.
In simple words: Cloning is the creation of a genetic replica, categorized into reproductive (making whole organisms without sperm) and therapeutic (producing stem cells for treatment) types. It offers benefits like controlling hereditary diseases and producing specific genes, but human cloning faces significant ethical opposition.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly differentiate between reproductive and therapeutic cloning, explaining their mechanisms and applications, and always include the ethical considerations, especially for human cloning.

 

Question 3. Dolly.
Answer:
• Dolly was the first mammalian cloned sheep.
• Dolly was born on 5th July 1996 in Scotland by the process of cloning.
• The Finn Dorset sheep was chosen and her diploid nucleus from the udder cell was introduced into the ovum whose haploid nucleus was removed. This enucleated ovum was of Scottish sheep.
• The egg was then introduced into uterus of another Scottish sheep and it grew into Dolly.
• Dolly resembled exactly like Finn Dorset sheep whose diploid nucleus was used. None of the characters of Scottish sheep were seen in Dolly.
• In this way, Dolly had three mothers but no father.
• Dolly gave birth to many young ones. She died on 14th February 2003 due to cancer of the lungs.
In simple words: Dolly, born in 1996, was the first cloned mammal, created by fusing a Finn Dorset sheep's somatic cell nucleus with an enucleated Scottish sheep ovum, and she had no genetic contribution from a male.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Dolly as the pioneering example of mammalian reproductive cloning, focusing on the method (somatic cell nuclear transfer) and the genetic origin.

 

Question 4. Green revolution.
Answer:
• In agriculture, different methods used to harvest maximum yield from minimum land, these methods are collectively called green revolution.
• Dr. M.S. Swaminathan is called father of Green Revolution in India while Dr. Norman Borlaug has done the similar efforts in the U.S.
• Before the Green Revolution in India, there was always the dearth of the food grains. The overflowing Indian population was badly affected due to poor quality and quantity of food.
• But due to the Green Revolution in India, attention was focussed on the agricultural research.
• Improvised dwarf varieties of wheat and rice, proper use of fertilizers and pesticides and water management were the proper methods that increased production of food grains.
• This created abundance of the grains for Indian population.
In simple words: The Green Revolution refers to a period of significant agricultural advancements, led by figures like Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in India, that dramatically increased crop yields through improved varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, and water management, ultimately addressing food scarcity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the aim (maximum yield from minimum land), key figures (Swaminathan, Borlaug), and methods (improved varieties, fertilizers, irrigation) that characterized the Green Revolution.

 

Question 5. White revolution.
Answer:
• Few years back, there was scarcity of milk in various parts of India. At some places, milk and milk products were abundant but they did not reach all the consumers.
• Dr. Verghese Kurien ^ho was then the founder director of Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) started thecooperative movement in the direction to produce "operation flood", i.e. abundance of milk everywhere.
• The use of biotechnology was also done to increase the milk production.
• Dr. Kurien's efforts have reached all-time high status as India is now self-sufficient in dairy business.
• This is popularly known as White Revolution. Different experiments were performed for quality control, newer dairy products were thought off and preservation methods were improved.
• This created White Revolution. AMUL from Anand has now reached international standards.
In simple words: The White Revolution, spearheaded by Dr. Verghese Kurien and AMUL, transformed India into a self-sufficient dairy nation by boosting milk production through cooperative efforts, improved quality control, and advanced preservation techniques.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember Dr. Verghese Kurien and AMUL as central to the White Revolution, emphasizing the focus on dairy production and achieving self-sufficiency.

 

Question 6. Blue Revolution.
Answer:
• Utilization of aquaculture practices for obtaining edible and commercial aquatic organisms is called blue revolution.
• In East Asian countries where water bodies and fish population is abundant, the aquaculture was started.
• On similar lines, in India, the aquaculture of different fresh water and marine organisms is being done with the help of fishery scientists.
• Government of India has vowed to increase the aquaculture production by encouraging the people for aquaculture by launching the program 'Nil- Kranti Mission-2016' (NKM-16).
• Pisciculutre is culturing of fish, mariculture is culture of marine organisms such as prawns/shrimps and lobsters. Sea weeds, oysters, clams are also cultured.
• For carrying out aquaculture, 50% to 100% subsidies are offered by the Government.
• Fresh water fishes like rohu, catla and other edible varieties like shrimp and lobsters are being cultured on a large scale which can bring about Blue Revolution.
In simple words: The Blue Revolution aims to significantly increase the production of edible aquatic organisms through aquaculture, encompassing both freshwater fish farming (pisciculture) and marine organism cultivation (mariculture), supported by government initiatives like NKM-16 to boost fisheries and provide subsidies.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect "Blue Revolution" to "aquaculture," listing examples of cultivated organisms (fish, prawns, lobsters) and government support programs like NKM-16.

Complete The Paragraph By Choosing The Appropriate Words Given In The Bracket:

 

Question 1. (degenerated, red bone marrow, adipose connective tissue, blastocyst, umbilical cord, Differentiation)
.......... of stem cells form can form various tissues, in the body. Stem cells are present in the .......... by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of the mother. Stem cells are also present in the ........... stage of embryonic development. Stem cells are present in .......... and .......... of adult human beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the .......... part of any organ with the help of these stem cells.
Answer: Differentiation of stem cells form can form various tissues in the body. Stem cells are present in the umbilical cord by which the foetus is joined to the uterus of the mother. Stem cells are also present in the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. Stem cells are present in red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue of adult human beings. It has become possible to produce different types of tissues and the degenerated part of any organ with the help of these stem cells.
In simple words: Stem cells differentiate to form various body tissues, found in the umbilical cord, blastocyst stage of embryos, and in adult red bone marrow and adipose connective tissue, allowing for the regeneration of tissues and degenerated organ parts.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the key stem cell terms (differentiation, umbilical cord, blastocyst, red bone marrow, adipose connective tissue, degenerated) and their roles in development and repair.

Paragraph-Based Questions :

 

1. Green corridor refers to a special road route that enables harvested organs meant for transplants to reach the destined hospital. A 45-year-old woman, a victim of a railway accident, was declared brain dead, her husband and children agreed to donate her kidneys, liver and heart. One of her kidneys was transplanted to a patient in MGM Hospital and the second kidney helped a patient in Jaslok hospital. Her liver helped the transplant of a patient in Wockhardt Hospital. And her heart was sent to Fortis to the patient on a super urgent priority list, transported via a green corridor covering 18km in less than 16 minutes. This was possible due to Green corridor. Questions and Answers :

Questions And Answers :

Question 1. What is the liberal view behind the organ and body donation?
Answer: By body donation, research in medical studies is possible. The needy persons can get vital organs which can save their lives.
In simple words: Organ and body donation allows medical research and provides vital organs to those in need, saving lives and making them more comfortable.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the dual benefits of organ donation: supporting medical research and directly saving/improving patient lives.

 

Question 2. Name any four organs that can be donated.
Answer: Liver, Kidneys, heart, eyes, skin, etc. can be donated.
In simple words: Organs like the liver, kidneys, heart, eyes, and skin can be donated to help others.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember a minimum of four distinct organs to list for full credit on such questions.

 

Complete The Following Table:

Question 1.

Plant/Microbes	Functions
(1) Pteris vitata
(2) Pseudomonas
(3) _______________	Absorption of uranium and arsenic
(4) _______________	Absorption of radiations of nuclear waste

Answer:

Plant/Microbes	Functions
(1) Pteris vitata	Absorbs arsenic from soil.
(2) Pseudomonas	Separates hydrocarbon and oil from water and soil
(3) Sunflower	Absorption of uranium and arsenic
(4) Deinococcus radiodurans	Absorption of radiations of nuclear waste

In simple words: This table shows how different plants and microbes are used for bioremediation, absorbing specific pollutants like arsenic, hydrocarbons, uranium, and nuclear waste from the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing tables, ensure all blanks are filled accurately and that the functions correctly match the corresponding plant or microbe.

 

Diagram/Chart Based Questions:

Question 1.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र ट्रांसजेनिक आलू बनाने की प्रक्रिया के चरणों को दर्शाता है। यह एक डीएनए स्ट्रैंड (I), एक गोलाकार प्लास्मिड (II), कल्चर किए गए कोशिकाओं वाली एक पेट्री डिश (III), और आलू (IV) को दर्शाता है, जो ट्रांसजेनिक पौधे के निर्माण के चरणों को इंगित करता है।
(A) Which process is shown in the above figure? *
Answer: The figure shows process to make transgenic
(B) Describe in brief the steps I, II, III and IV.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र ट्रांसजेनिक आलू बनाने की प्रक्रिया के चरणों को दर्शाता है। चरण I में, मानव रोगजनक से वांछित जीन को अलग किया जाता है। चरण II में, इस जीन को एक ट्रांसजेनिक प्लांट वायरस (प्लास्मिड) में डाला जाता है। चरण III में, यह वायरस आलू के पत्तों के टुकड़ों को संक्रमित करता है, जिससे रोगजनक के जीन वाले पूरे पौधे विकसित होते हैं। अंत में, चरण IV में, इन कच्चे ट्रांसजेनिक आलू का सेवन करने से रोगजनक के खिलाफ प्रतिरक्षा विकसित करने में मदद मिलती है।
In simple words: The diagram illustrates the steps for creating transgenic potatoes: isolating a desired gene, inserting it into a plant virus, infecting potato leaves to grow full plants with the new gene, and finally, consuming these raw potatoes for immunity.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diagram-based questions, accurately identify the overall process first, then systematically describe each labeled step or component shown.

 

Question 2. Draw well labelled diagram of Stem cell therapy.
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'स्टेम सेल थेरेपी' को दर्शाता है। इसमें दिखाया गया है कि स्टेम कोशिकाएं स्वयं की प्रतिकृति बना सकती हैं और शरीर में विभिन्न प्रकार की अन्य कोशिकाओं (जैसे न्यूरॉन, रक्त कोशिकाएं, मांसपेशी कोशिकाएं, हड्डी कोशिकाएं) में परिवर्तित हो सकती हैं। यह थेरेपी क्षतिग्रस्त या रोगग्रस्त ऊतकों और अंगों को बदलने के लिए स्टेम कोशिकाओं के उपयोग के सिद्धांत पर आधारित है।
In simple words: Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells that can self-replicate and differentiate into various specialized cells, such as nerve, blood, or bone cells, to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.

🎯 Exam Tip: When describing a diagram, clearly state the main subject and then elaborate on the key processes or components depicted, ensuring conceptual accuracy.

 

Question 3. Label the following diagram :
(i) Stem cells and organ transplantation,
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दर्शाता है कि स्टेम कोशिकाएं शरीर के विभिन्न अंगों और ऊतकों में कैसे विकसित हो सकती हैं, जो 'स्टेम सेल और अंग प्रत्यारोपण' के विचार पर प्रकाश डालता है। स्टेम कोशिकाओं को मस्तिष्क, न्यूरॉन, हड्डी, आंत, हृदय और यकृत जैसे विभिन्न विशिष्ट कोशिकाओं और अंगों में विभेदित होते हुए दिखाया गया है, जो उनके चिकित्सीय अनुप्रयोगों की क्षमता को दर्शाता है।
(ii) Organs that can be donated:
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र मानव शरीर के उन अंगों को दर्शाता है जिन्हें दान किया जा सकता है। इसमें आंखें, फेफड़े, यकृत, अग्न्याशय, हृदय, गुर्दे, हड्डी और त्वचा जैसे विभिन्न अंग शामिल हैं, जो अंग दान के महत्व और मानव जीवन को बचाने में इसकी भूमिका को उजागर करते हैं।
In simple words: The first diagram illustrates how stem cells can differentiate into various organ tissues (brain, neuron, bone, intestine, heart, liver) for transplantation, while the second shows the specific human organs (eyes, lungs, liver, pancreas, heart, kidney, bone, skin) that can be donated.

🎯 Exam Tip: For labeling exercises, ensure precise naming of all parts and be ready to explain the relevance of the diagram to the topic (e.g., how stem cells relate to organ regeneration).

 

Question 4.
(i) Which therapy is shown in the Fig. 8.5?
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र 'पुनर्योजी थेरेपी' या 'स्टेम सेल थेरेपी' को दर्शाता है, जिसमें स्टेम कोशिकाओं का उपयोग मस्तिष्क, न्यूरॉन, हड्डी, आंत, यकृत और हृदय जैसे विभिन्न शरीर के अंगों को पुनः विकसित या मरम्मत करने के लिए किया जाता है। यह प्रक्रिया क्षतिग्रस्त या विफल हुए अंगों को बदलने के लिए स्टेम कोशिकाओं की क्षमता को दर्शाती है, जिससे अंग प्रत्यारोपण के क्षेत्र में नए विकल्प मिलते हैं।
(ii) Which will be possible benefits of this therapy in organ transplantation ?
Answer:
(i) The figure 8.5 shows the 'regenerative therapy' using stem cells. Also called stem cell therapy.
(ii) With the help of above therapy organs like liver, kidney from stem cells can be redeveloped to replace the failed ones.
In simple words: Figure 8.5 depicts stem cell therapy, also known as regenerative therapy, which can help redevelop and replace failed organs like the liver and kidney, offering new possibilities for organ transplantation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that regenerative therapy using stem cells holds immense potential for creating replacement organs, reducing the need for donor organs.

 

Activity Based Questions:

Question 1. Bring a packet of 'Balghuti' from ayurveda shop. Learn the information about each component in it. Collect information about various other medicines and prepare the chart as shown below. (Try this: Textbook page no. 99)
Answer:

Local Name of plant	Scientific name	Name of active ingredient	Uses
Adulsa	Adathoda vasica	Vasicine in the leaves	Cough
Vekhand	Acorus calamus	A-asarone	Cough and pain killer
Bal hirde or hirda	Terminalia chebula	Glycoside chebulsides	Induce purgation.
Halkund (turmeric)	Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Antiseptic
Kakadshingi	Pistacia integerrina	Pistacin, Sitosterol	Reduces fever, helps in respiration
Murudsheng	Heicteres isora	Maceligan	On stomach-ache and wormicidal
Nutmeg	Myristica fragrans	Alkaloids	Mild Sedative
Date (Kharik)	Phoenix dactylifera	Potassium and iron	For nutrition
Almond	Prunus dulcis	Potassium and vitamin E	For nutrition

In simple words: This table provides information about various plants, their scientific names, active ingredients, and traditional uses, highlighting their medicinal or nutritional benefits.

🎯 Exam Tip: For tables involving plant names and uses, ensure correct spelling of scientific names and accurate correlation between the active ingredient and its function.

 

Question 2. Give five examples of each of the fruiting and flowering plants developed through tissue culture and mention their benefits. (Make a list and discuss: Textbook page no. 93)
Answer:
I. Fruiting trees: Banana, Chikoo (Sapota), Tomato, Fig, Pineapple.
II. Flowering trees: Orchids, Roses, Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Begonia, Carnation, Lili. Benefits of such plants may be varied. Mostly fruits developed are made seedless and tastier.
III. Benefits of plants produced through technique of tissue culture:
• Techniques of tissue culture can produce more copies of same plant with better characters. ' The plant grower likes to have bigger and more fruits from fruit trees. On the flowering trees, colourful flowers with good fragrance are favoured.
• Plants which do not depend on particular climate and local seasonal changes are produced by tissue culture methods. This helps to rise the yield in an area which otherwise may not produce a specific crop.
• For tissue culture, saplings and seedlings are made available throughout the year through laboratory. The limitations of getting natural seeds are not there thus planting can be done throughout the year.
• Tissue culture techniques create the plants of uniform size, shape and yield. Since they are exactly alike, it becomes beneficial.
• In lesser time period, the crops reach maturity.
• The crops are pest and disease resistant.
• Tissue culture techniques are cost effective and easy to carry out.
In simple words: Tissue culture allows the production of identical plants with improved traits like seedless fruits, vibrant flowers, increased yield, and disease resistance, making them available year-round and adaptable to various climates.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing examples, aim for variety. For benefits, clearly articulate how tissue culture addresses agricultural challenges like climate dependency, yield, and pest resistance.

 

Question 3. Which new species of the rice have been developed in India? (Collect Information: Textbook page no. 97)
Answer:
1. Species in 2015-16: High zinc species (DRR Dhan 45), Pusa 1592, Punjab basmati 3, Pusa 1609, Telangana Sona.
2. Species in 2014: CR Dhan 205, CR Dhan 306, CRR, 451.
In simple words: India has developed new rice species through advanced breeding, including high-zinc varieties and specific strains like DRR Dhan 45 and Pusa 1592, enhancing nutritional value and yield.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on remembering a few specific examples and their key characteristics (e.g., high zinc) to demonstrate knowledge of agricultural advancements.

 

Question 4. Discuss about stem cells and organ transplantation in the class with the help of figures given on textbook page no. 90. (Observe: Textbook page no. 90)
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र मानव शरीर के विभिन्न अंगों जैसे मस्तिष्क, न्यूरॉन, स्टेम कोशिकाएं, हड्डी, आंत, हृदय और यकृत के बीच संबंध और उनके विकास में स्टेम कोशिकाओं की भूमिका को दर्शाता है। यह 'स्टेम सेल और अंग प्रत्यारोपण' की अवधारणा को स्पष्ट करता है, जहां स्टेम कोशिकाओं का उपयोग शरीर के क्षतिग्रस्त या रोगग्रस्त हिस्सों को पुनः उत्पन्न करने और बदलने के लिए किया जा सकता है। Organ transplantation:
Various organs in the human body either become less efficient or completely functionless due to various reasons like aging, accidents, infections, disorders, etc. Life of such person becomes difficult or even fatality may occur under such conditions. However, if a person gets the necessary organ under such conditions, its life can be saved.
Availability of donor is an important requirement in organ transplantation. Each person has a pair of kidneys. As the process of excretion can occur with the help of single kidney, person can donate another one. Similarly, skin from certain parts of the body can also be donated.
Various factors like blood group, diseases, disorders, age, etc. of the donor and recipient need to be paid attention during transplantation.
However, other organs cannot be donated during life time. Organs like liver, heart, eyes can be donated after death only. This has lead to the emergence of concepts like posthumous (after death) donation of body and organs.
Organ and Body Donation: human bodies are disposed off after death as per traditional customs. However due to progress in science, it has been realized that many organs remain functional for certain period even after death occurs under specific conditions. Concepts like organ donation and body donation have emerged recently after realization that such organs can be used to save the life of other needful persons. A liberal view behind the concept of organ and body donation is that after death, our body should be useful to other needful persons so that their miserable life would become comfortable. Awareness about these concepts is increasing in our country and people are voluntarily donating their bodies.
Life of many people can be saved by organ and body donation. Blinds can regain the vision. Life of many people can be rendered comfortable by donation of organs like liver, kidneys, heart, heart valves, skin. etc. Similarly, body can be made available for research in medical studies. Many government and social organizations are working towards increasing the awareness about body donation.
In simple words: Stem cells offer potential for regenerating damaged organs, while organ transplantation involves replacing diseased organs with healthy ones from donors. The growing awareness of organ and body donation after death is crucial for saving lives and advancing medical research.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between the role of stem cells in regeneration and the direct replacement via organ transplantation. Emphasize the ethical and societal importance of organ donation.

 

Question 5. Which fruits processing industries you observe in your surrounding? What is their effect? (Make a list and discuss: Textbook page no. 99)
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक 'मैंगो प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट' को दर्शाता है, जिसमें आमों को विभिन्न उत्पादों जैसे जूस, जैम या मुरब्बा में संसाधित किया जा रहा है। इसमें धातु के डिब्बे, प्रसंस्कृत आम के टुकड़े और एक औद्योगिक इकाई का लोगो शामिल है, जो फल प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों के महत्व और उनकी कार्यप्रणाली को दर्शाता है। Fruit Processing:
we are daily using various products prepared from fruits. All are consuming the products like chocolates, juices, jams and jellies. All these products can be produced by processing on fruits. Fruits are perishable agro-produce. It needs the processing in such a way that it can be used throughout the year. Fruit processing includes various methods ranging from storage in cold storage to drying, salting, air tight pucking, preparing murabba, evaporating, etc.
In simple words: Fruit processing industries convert perishable fruits into stable products like juices, jams, and jellies through methods like drying, salting, and packaging, ensuring year-round availability and financial benefits for farmers.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing fruit processing, list common products and briefly explain the methods used to preserve fruits and their economic and consumer benefits.

 

Projects: (Do It Your Self)

Project 1. Collect information about various hybrid varieties of animals. What are their benefits? Make a presentation of various pictures and videos. (Use of ICT: Textbook page no. 93)

 

Project 2. Visit the websites: http://www.who.int/transplantation/organ/en/ and www.organindia.org / approaching-the- transplant/and collect more information about 'brain dead', organ donation and body donation (Internet is my friend: Textbook page no. 90)

 

Project 3. Collect more information about the Human Genome Project, one of the important projects in the world. (Internet is my friend: Textbook page no. 95)

 

Project 4. Collect the information and make the chart about the work of various state and national-level institutes related with biotechnology. (Internet is my friend: Textbook page no. 97)