Maharashtra Board Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Environmental management Solutions

Std 10 Science Part 2 Chapter 3 Environmental Management Question Answer Maharashtra Board

 

Question 1. Reorganize the following food chain. Describe the ecosystem to which it belongs. Grasshopper - Snake - Paddy field - Eagle - Frog.
Answer:

• Correct food chain: Paddy field \( \implies \) Grasshopper \( \implies \) Frog \( \implies \) Snake \( \implies \) Eagle.
• Such food chain is seen in the terrestrial ecosystem. There are many biotic factors in the terrestrial ecosystem, such as insects, birds, mammals etc.
• The above example mentions about paddy field, so it must be in vicinity of coastal lands. There is water logging in the paddy fields. Therefore, it offers a habitat to the frogs.
• In the above example, paddy fields are producers in the ecosystem. The primary consumer is grasshopper. Secondary consumer is frog, tertiary consumer is snake and the apex consumer is eagle. On every trophic level the bacteria, fungi and some scavenging worms can act as the decomposers.
• In this ecosystem, the solar energy is transferred from the paddy crops to eagle in a step wise food chain.

In simple words: The correct food chain starts with paddy fields as producers, followed by grasshoppers, frogs, snakes, and eagles. This chain operates within a terrestrial ecosystem, involving various biotic factors and showing how solar energy is transferred through different trophic levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand the sequence of energy flow and identification of producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary, apex), and decomposers is crucial for ecosystem-related questions.

 

Question 2. Explain the statement - ‘We have got this Earth planet on lease from our future generations and not as an ancestral property from our ancestors.'
Answer:

• The earth was inhabited by older generations before us. We have replaced them.
• But during their life time, they have created hazardous impact on the earth. The industrialization, the quest for more and more natural resources, wars fought, the construction activities such as dams, roads and bridges, extensive deforestation, etc. were their thoughtless activities.
• All these activities were for development of mankind. But most of them have destroyed the delicate balance between the producers and different levels of consumers.
• Due to ever increasing population of human beings there is shortage of food, clothing and shelter. To procure these basic needs, we have exploited many natural resources causing destruction of the earth's natural ecosystem.
• Now it is our turn to protect the earth as on the same planet the next generations have to survive. We have to hand over the ecosystems of the earth which are in perfect balance to the new generations.
• The future generations need a good quality of air, water and land along with all other living organisms.
• Due to problems like climate change, global warming, pollution, droughts, etc. the environment is impacted, thus in order to keep sustainability of earth, we have to remember that the earth has not been obtained only as ancestral property but we have to save it for future generations.

In simple words: This statement emphasizes our responsibility to protect Earth's resources for future generations, rather than treating them as our exclusive inheritance. Previous generations caused significant environmental damage, and it's now our duty to restore ecological balance for sustainable living.

🎯 Exam Tip: When explaining this concept, focus on the intergenerational equity aspect and the impact of human activities on the environment.

 

Question 3. Write short notes.
(a) Environmental conservation.
Answer: Due to natural and man-made causes, there are many environmental problems on the earth. These problems affect the existence of various living organisms. In order to save these organisms and maintain the environmental balance, there is need for environmental conservation. If this is not done then there will not be any quality of life for the resident humans. For environmental conservation, the Government has formulated acts and rules. UN has established UNEP for the conservation programs. The people's participation in the conservation movement is essential. From school age, the environmental values are inculcated in the young minds. Conservation of environment is the social responsibility of everyone. Judicial use of natural resources conservation also way of environmental conservation.
In simple words: Environmental conservation is crucial to protect living organisms and maintain ecological balance against natural and man-made problems. It involves governmental policies, international programs (like UNEP), public participation, and responsible resource use to ensure a good quality of life for all.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the multi-faceted approach to conservation, including governmental, international, and individual roles, as well as legislative measures.

 

(b) Chipko Movement of Bishnoi.
Answer: Chipko Movement of Bishnoi or Bishnoi Andolan: Khejarli or Khejadli is a village in Rajasthan, where Bishnoi community is located. The name of the town is derived from Khejri trees. The first event of Chipko Movement took place in Khejadli village in 1730 AD. In this village 363 Bishnois, led by Amrita Devi sacrificed their lives for protecting the Khejri trees, which trees are considered as sacred by Bishnoi. Amrita Devi said, "if a tree is saved even at the cost of one's head, it's worth it". She was killed with the axes that were brought to chop off the trees. The three young daughters Asu, Ratna and Bhagubai also sacrificed their lives for trees. 83 Bishnoi villages came together and villagers sacrificed their lives after hearing about Amrita Devi's sacrifice. Three hundred and sixty-three Bishnois were killed as they opposed the king. After realizing the mistake, the king ordered stoppage of the felling of trees. Honouring the courage of the Bishnoi community, the ruler of Jodhpur, Maharaja Abhay Singh, apologized. He issued a royal decree to protect trees and wild life. Chipko movement of 20th century in Uttar Pradesh also followed the same pattern of embracing the trees and saving them from cutting.
In simple words: The Chipko Movement of Bishnoi, originating in 1730 AD in Khejarli, Rajasthan, involved the Bishnoi community sacrificing their lives, led by Amrita Devi, to protect sacred Khejri trees from royal felling. This brave act led to a royal decree protecting trees and wildlife, inspiring later environmental movements like the 20th-century Chipko movement.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the historical context, the key figures (Amrita Devi), the community (Bishnoi), and the core principle of protecting sacred trees, noting its influence on later movements.

 

(c) Biodiversity.
Answer: Biodiversity means the diverse life forms that inhabit any area. Biodiversity is seen due to variety of life forms and different ecosystems that lodge these organisms. In nature there is biodiversity on the three different levels, viz. genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. This means that there is diversity in the individuals belonging to the same specips due to genetic reasons, there is diversity among the different species of organisms and there is also a diversity in the ecosystems that are present in any region. Due to development of mankind, the biodiversity is threatened. There are special efforts taken to restore the lost and threatened biodiversity. Some of these are establishing sanctuaries, National Parks, biodiversity hotspots and reserves etc. Certain endangered species are protected by carrying out conservation projects.
In simple words: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms and ecosystems in an area, existing at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Human development threatens this diversity, necessitating conservation efforts like establishing protected areas and special projects for endangered species.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define biodiversity, categorize its three levels (genetic, species, ecosystem), and mention conservation strategies like sanctuaries and national parks.

 

(d) Sacred Groves.
Answer: Sacred grove is the green patch of the forest which is conserved by local people in the name of God. It does not belong to forest department. It is like a sanctuary that is conserved by the common people and tribals in the area. It is rich in the biodiversity. It is conserved as there is a faith that God or deity reside in the sacred grove. Hence in local language, they are known as Deorai. Due to this reason, people do not fell the trees. Also hunting of any wild life is not done here. More than 13000 sacred groves have been reported in India. Most of these are in Western Ghats in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. Also, in remaining parts of India sacred groves are reported. Role of sacred grove is tremendous in conserving the biodiversity.
In simple words: Sacred groves are forest patches preserved by local communities, often for religious reasons, acting as informal sanctuaries rich in biodiversity. Known as 'Deorai' in local languages, they prevent tree felling and hunting, playing a significant role in conservation, especially in regions like the Western Ghats of India.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain that sacred groves are community-conserved forest areas driven by cultural/religious beliefs, emphasizing their role in biodiversity protection and location examples.

 

(e) Disaster and its management.
Answer:

• To save human life from disasters. To help them for moving away from the place of disasters by rapid action.
• To supply essential commodities to the affected people. This helps to reduce the gravity of disaster. People are given grains, water and clothes and other basic necessities under this objective.
• To bring back the conditions of affected people to normalcy.
• To rehabilitate the affected and displaced victims.
• To think and execute the protective measures in order to develop capability to face the disasters in future.

In simple words: Disaster management focuses on saving lives, providing immediate relief like food and water to reduce impact, and then working towards rehabilitating victims and restoring normalcy. Crucially, it also involves planning and implementing protective measures to enhance future resilience against disasters.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorize disaster management into immediate response (saving lives, relief), recovery (normalcy, rehabilitation), and preparedness (future protective measures).

 

Question 4. How will you justify that overcoming the pollution is a powerful way of environmental management? (OR) "Solving the problem of pollution is an effective way of environmental management." Justify the statement.
Answer:

1. Pollution is created only due to human activities. Air, water, soil, noise, radiation, thermal, light, plastic are different types of pollution.
2. All types of pollution affect environment and particularly threatening the survival of living organisms.
3. Pollution must be controlled in order to have good quality of the environment. E.g. When plastic is thrown anywhere, it causes pollution of the land, it clogs the rain water drains, it affects feeding of the animals. Plastic pollution can be completely stopped by us through proper management of plastic waste. By recycling or reusing, we can overcome the plastic pollution. This would be a powerful way of environmental management.
4. Similarly, when we reduce pollution of different types, we automatically help to regain the environmental health.

In simple words: Overcoming pollution is a powerful environmental management strategy because human activities are the sole cause of various pollution types that endanger all living organisms. By controlling and reducing pollution, for instance through proper plastic waste management, we directly improve environmental quality and restore ecological health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize that pollution is primarily anthropogenic and its control directly contributes to environmental health, providing specific examples like plastic waste management.

 

Question 5. Which projects will you run in relation to environmental conservatioh? How? (OR) Write six strategies implemented by you for conservation of the environment.
Answer: Initially, assessment of the environmental problems will be done. The nature and severity of these problems will be understood by detailed study of the same. Then the projects can be undertaken to combat these problems.

1. Tree plantation is one such easier project that can be undertaken to conserve environment. The further nurturing of the tree will also be our responsibility. While selecting the tree, the local and sturdy varieties will be selected. Such trees can survive in polluted environment too and even under the pressure of urbanization.
2. Solid waste management is another very important project that should be undertaken by every society, colony or school. Segregation of waste into dry and wet types and then its proper disposal will be taught to all the people in the neighbouring area.
3. To ban the plastic and make people aware about harmful effects of plastic is another very significant project.
4. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and polluting. Therefore, their use should be reduced as far as possible. Therefore, using bicycle, or walking down for shorter distances or using public transport systems are the better alternatives. The awareness drive about these facts will be taken up as a project.
5. To take care of stray animals, provide shelter, feeding endangered birds like sparrows and allowing them to survive with our support is also one of the essential act to conserve other species.
6. Attempts will be made for bringing awareness among minds of everyone. Such small acts can bring about major shift in the attitude of the people. This will certainly help in the environmental conservation.

In simple words: To conserve the environment, projects should focus on tree plantation with native species, implementing solid waste management (segregation and disposal), banning plastic through awareness campaigns, promoting sustainable transport to reduce fossil fuel use, caring for stray and endangered animals, and launching public awareness drives to shift attitudes towards conservation.

🎯 Exam Tip: When proposing conservation strategies, ensure they are practical, cover different aspects of environmental health (flora, fauna, waste, pollution), and include public participation and awareness.

 

Question 6. Answer the following:
(a) Write the factors affecting environment.
Answer:

• The biotic and abiotic- factors affect the environment. Among abiotic factors, the physical and chemical factors can alter the conditions of the environment.
• Abiotic factors are either natural or man-made.
• The various interrelationships between different living organisms can also affect environment.
• The natural disasters such as earthquake, forest fires, cyclones, cloud bursting, drought, etc. change the environment.
• The human activities such as deforestation, urbanisation, constructions etc. cause permanent damage to the ecosystems. Due to man-made impact, there can be large scale changes in the environment.

In simple words: Environmental factors can be broadly classified into biotic (living organisms and their interactions) and abiotic (physical and chemical elements). These factors can be natural, like disasters (earthquakes, droughts), or man-made, such as deforestation and urbanization, all of which significantly alter the environment and ecosystems.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and provide examples for both natural events and human activities that impact the environment.

 

(b) Human beings have important place in environment.
Answer:

• Man came last on the earth during evolution of animals. But due to his intelligence, imagination, critical thinking and memory, he made progress in all fields.
• By virtue of these qualities he became the supreme.
• All the natural resources on the earth were very rapidly exploited by man.
• Under the pretext of technology and development he made degradation of almost all-natural ecosystems.
• He never obeys the rules of nature.
• Phenomena like pollution, urbanization, industrialization and deforestation are exclusively his creations.
• Hunting and poaching other animals were his contribution to the extinction of many other animals.
• Except man no other organism on the earth can change the ecosystems in such a drastic way. Therefore, it is rightly said that human beings have important place in environment.

In simple words: Human beings hold a significant place in the environment due to their advanced intelligence, which has led to widespread exploitation of natural resources and significant degradation of ecosystems. Unlike any other species, humans have uniquely and drastically altered the planet through pollution, urbanization, and destruction, emphasizing their profound and often destructive impact.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on human intelligence as a double-edged sword: it allows progress but also enables unprecedented exploitation and environmental alteration. Highlight human-caused problems like pollution and deforestation.

 

(c) Write the types and examples of biodiversity.
Answer: Biodiversity is documented on the following three levels, viz. genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.

1. Genetic Diversity: Diversity seen among the organisms of same species due to genetic differences is called genetic diversity. E.g. The individual human beings are different from each other. No two animals or plants are exactly alike.
2. Species Diversity: The difference between the different species is the species diversity, e.g. All the species of plants, animals and microbes which are seen in any natural environment.
3. Ecosystem Diversity: In one region there may be different ecosystems, such diversity in the ecosystems is called ecosystem diversity. Ecosystems are natural or artificial. Every region shows different types of ecosystems such as aquatic, terrestrial, desert or forest ecosystems. Each ecosystem has its own habitats with resident flora and fauna.

In simple words: Biodiversity exists at three main levels: genetic diversity (variations within the same species, like individual humans), species diversity (variety among different species, such as all plants and animals in an area), and ecosystem diversity (variety of ecosystems in a region, like aquatic or forest environments).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and provide an example for each of the three levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecosystem) to score well.

 

(d) How the biodiversity can be conserved?
Answer: Biodiversity can be conserved by the following ways:

• Protection of the rare species of plants and animals.
• Creating habitats for the animals and plants by establishing National Parkland Sanctuaries.
• Declaration of bioreserves, the areas which are protected through conservation.
• Conservation projects for protecting special species.
• Conservation of all flora and fauna.
• Strict observance of the acts and rules.
• Use of traditional knowledge and maintaining record of traditional knowledge.

In simple words: Biodiversity can be conserved through protecting rare species, creating national parks and sanctuaries for habitat preservation, establishing bioreserves, running specific conservation projects for special species, protecting all flora and fauna, enforcing environmental laws, and valuing traditional ecological knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a variety of strategies for biodiversity conservation, including both protected areas (sanctuaries, bioreserves) and policy-based approaches (laws, traditional knowledge).

 

(e) What do we learn from the story of Jadav Molai Payeng?
Answer: Jadav Molai Payeng is a common man who was just a simple forest worker. But he has conscience about plants and tree plantations. He single-handedly planted thousands of trees. He converted a barren patch of land into forest which is spread over 1360 acres. For these plantations he continuously worked. He has shown that a single determined person, can establish a new forest! We understand the values of hard work, sincerity and devotion to the nature through the story of Jadav Molai Payeng. Even a common man can contribute a lot for the conservation and protection of the environment by learning the story of Payeng.
In simple words: Jadav Molai Payeng's story teaches us that immense environmental change is possible through the determination, hard work, sincerity, and devotion of a single individual. By single-handedly transforming barren land into a 1360-acre forest, he proved that anyone can make a substantial contribution to environmental conservation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the inspirational aspect of individual determination and dedication to environmental causes, highlighting Payeng's achievement as a powerful example.

 

(f) Write the names of biodiversity hot spots.
Answer:

• In entire world, 34 highly sensitive biodiversity spots are reported.
• These hotspots occupied 15.7% area of the Earth.
• However, currently about 86% of the sensitive areas are already destroyed.
• Now about 2.3% area of the Earth still has such sensitive biodiversity spots.
• There are 1,50,000 plant species which are about 50% of the species in the world.
• In India, out of 135 species of animals, 85 species are found in the jungles of eastern region.
• There are about 1,500 endemic plant species in Western Ghats.

In simple words: The world has identified 34 highly sensitive biodiversity hotspots, which originally covered 15.7% of Earth's surface but are now largely destroyed, with only 2.3% remaining. These areas are incredibly rich in species, hosting 50% of the world's plant species and a high number of endemic species, particularly in regions like India's Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention the number of global hotspots and their characteristics, focusing on their high biodiversity but also the significant loss they have experienced, with examples from India.

 

(g) Which are the reasons for endangering the many species of plants and animals? How can we save those diversity?
Answer:

• The animals and plants species are endangered majorly due to man-made causes.
• Some natural disasters like earthquakes, climate change, forest fires, drought and cyclones also affect the living organisms due to lack of food and water.
• In man-made causes, hunting and poaching are the main reasons.
• Also animal-human conflicts occur due to invasion of human settlements into the habitats of wild animals.
• Construction of dams, roads, and colonies destroy the habitats of wild life.
• Industrialization, urbanization and population explosion of humans are putting severe pressure on all the existing biodiversity.
• In order to save and protect the biodiversity, many scientists and naturalists come together. A stretch of land is protected by declaring it as the sanctuary or a national park by the Government. Even the locals can protect it as a sacred grove.
• Various acts and rules have been formulated to protect the organisms. The violators of such rules are punished accordingly.

In simple words: Species are endangered primarily by human activities like habitat destruction (dams, urbanization), hunting, poaching, and pollution, alongside natural disasters. To save them, biodiversity is protected through establishing national parks, sanctuaries, and sacred groves, along with implementing and enforcing strict environmental laws.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between natural and man-made causes of endangerment, then list concrete conservation measures, including protected areas and legal frameworks.

 

Question 7. What are the meanings of the following symbols? Write your role accordingly. (OR) What do these symbols indicate? Explain your opinion about those symbols.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यहाँ तीन प्रतीक दिखाए गए हैं। पहला प्रतीक पुनर्चक्रण का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। दूसरा प्रतीक एक पानी की बूंद और नल दिखाता है, जो पानी बचाने का संकेत देता है। तीसरा प्रतीक सौर पैनलों को दर्शाता है, जो सौर ऊर्जा के उपयोग को बढ़ावा देता है।
Answer:

1. The first symbol is for giving the message, “Reduce, reuse and recycle". This is important mantra for the utilization of natural resources. The second symbol gives the message about 'Save water'. The third symbol advocates the use of solar energy.
2. These symbols inculcate the importance of being eco-friendly. The first symbol is essential to maintain the natural resources by reusing and recycling them. As far as possible, one should reduce the excessive use of resources by preventing consumerism.
3. Water problems persist in many major cities and villages. In villages it results in drought like conditions. It also reflects into loss of agricultural produce. Therefore, the message about saving water or to make judicious use of water should be spread far and wide.
4. The solar energy is the renewable energy option which is very easily available in country like India. By using solar energy, we can replace the polluting and exhaustible fuels. Thereby, pollution will also be reduced.

Due to such symbols, important messages about environment conservation reach, us and we can change ourselves into more eeofriendly persons.
In simple words: The symbols represent Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs), Save Water, and Solar Energy, promoting eco-friendly practices. They encourage responsible resource use, combat water scarcity, and advocate for clean, renewable energy, helping individuals adopt environmentally conscious habits.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify each symbol accurately and explain its environmental significance. Emphasize the connection between these practices and broader environmental conservation goals.

Project: (Do It Yourself)

Project 1.

Make a presentation on pollution of Gangci and Yamuna Rivers and effects of air pollution on Taimuhal.
In simple words: This project involves creating a presentation to highlight the pollution issues affecting the Ganga and Yamuna rivers and the detrimental impact of air pollution on the Taj Mahal, demonstrating their environmental and cultural significance.

🎯 Exam Tip: For projects, focus on factual accuracy, visual presentation, and connecting the pollution impacts to both environmental health and cultural heritage.

Can You Recall?

 

Question 1. What is ecosystem? Which are its different components?
Answer: In any environment, there are biotic and abiotic components. There are interactions among these components. All such interactions make an ecosystem. The different components in the ecosystem are as follows: Abiotic components : Air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, humidity, etc. Biotic components: All the types of living organisms, like bacteria, fungi, plants and animals.
In simple words: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic components) interacting with their non-living environment (abiotic components). Biotic components include all living things like plants and animals, while abiotic components are physical and chemical factors such as air, water, and sunlight.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember the two main components of an ecosystem (biotic and abiotic) and provide specific examples for each. The key is their interaction.

 

Question 2. Which are the types of consumers? What are the criteria for their classification?
Answer: Primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers or apex consumers are the different types of consumers. These types are according to the trophic level to which they belong.
In simple words: Consumers are categorized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and apex consumers based on their trophic level, which indicates their position in a food chain and what they eat. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on.

🎯 Exam Tip: Classify consumers based on their trophic levels, clearly explaining that their position in the food chain determines their type.

 

Question 3. What may be the relationship between lake and birds on tree?
Answer: The birds on the tree depend on the aquatic organisms in the lake for their feeding. Birds stay on the trees which are in the vicinity of the lake, so that it is easier for them to capture fishes, frogs, etc. They must also be using the same lake water for drinking.
In simple words: Birds nesting in trees near a lake depend on the lake for both food, such as fish and frogs, and water for drinking. This demonstrates an ecological interdependence where the lake provides essential resources, supporting the bird population.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the symbiotic or dependent relationship by detailing specific resources (food, water) that the lake provides to the birds, highlighting ecological links.

 

Question 4. What is difference between food chain and food web?
Answer: In every ecosystem, there are always interactions between producers, consumers and decomposers. This sequence of feeding interactions is called food chain. In every food chain there are links between four to five trophic levels constituting the producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, etc. The links of food chain are in linear sequence. But food web is a complex network of many small food chains. In fact, food web is the collection of many small food chains. Thus, when many food chains are interwoven, they form food web.
In simple words: A food chain is a linear sequence showing who eats whom, linking producers, consumers, and decomposers in a simple path of energy transfer. In contrast, a food web is a complex, interconnected network of multiple food chains, illustrating the many feeding relationships within an ecosystem.

🎯 Exam Tip: The core distinction is linearity vs. complexity: a food chain is a single path, while a food web is an intricate network of many interconnected food chains.

Think And Answer!

 

Question 1. Write the name and category of each of the component shown in picture.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक खाद्य श्रृंखला को दर्शाता है जिसमें सूर्य, जल, घास (उत्पादक), टिड्डा (प्राथमिक उपभोक्ता), मेंढक (द्वितीयक उपभोक्ता), साँप (तृतीयक उपभोक्ता), बाज (शीर्ष उपभोक्ता), और जीवाणु व कवक (अपघटक) शामिल हैं। यह पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में ऊर्जा के प्रवाह और विभिन्न घटकों के बीच पोषण संबंधी संबंधों को समझाता है।
Answer: By utilizing the solar energy, the green plants perform photosynthesis. Thus, they are producers of the food chain. This food is consumed by the grasshopper. Thus, it is primary consumer. Frog is secondary consumer as its diet consists of insects like grasshopper. Snake is tertiary consumer as it feeds on frogs, while the hawk is apex consumer as it can kill the snake and feed on it. Last picture in the food chain is of fungi which are acting as decomposers. Few bacteria are shown in the picture, act on all the levels and bring about decomposition.
In simple words: In the depicted food chain, green plants are producers (using solar energy), grasshoppers are primary consumers (eating plants), frogs are secondary consumers (eating grasshoppers), snakes are tertiary consumers (eating frogs), and eagles are apex consumers (eating snakes). Fungi and bacteria act as decomposers at all levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: For food chain diagrams, correctly identify each organism's trophic level (producer, primary consumer, etc.) and explain their role in energy transfer, including decomposers.

 

Question 2. What is necessary to convert this picture into food web? Why?
Answer: If this food chain has to be converted into a food web, there should be interactions between the different components. Any living organism can be prey to different predators. Moreover, a predator can also be a prey for other. Frog eats different insects. The same frog can be either eaten by snake or by hawk.
In simple words: To convert the food chain into a food web, additional interactions between organisms are needed, showing that one organism can be prey to multiple predators and a predator can also be prey. For example, a frog eats various insects and can be eaten by both snakes and hawks, illustrating a more complex network of feeding relationships.

🎯 Exam Tip: To transform a food chain into a food web, illustrate multiple predator-prey relationships and alternative food sources for each organism, emphasizing the interconnectedness of an ecosystem.

Use Your Brain Power.

 

Question 1. Why is it said that pollution control is important?
Answer: The quantity of pollutants and severity of their effects on the ecosystem have to be taken into consideration constantly. The different methods of pollution control have to be used for checking the hazardous effects of pollution on the living organisms. Especially the impact of pollution on health of human beings is assessed from time to time. The young children and senior citizens are affected to greater extent by the pollution. If the air and water required for the survival of the people is affected, then exercising the pollution control is to be done immediately. Thus, it is said that pollution control is important.
In simple words: Pollution control is crucial because pollutants severely harm ecosystems and human health, particularly affecting vulnerable groups like children and seniors. Regular assessment and immediate control measures are necessary to mitigate hazardous effects, especially concerning vital resources like air and water, ensuring survival and well-being.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the detrimental impacts of pollution on both ecosystems and human health, noting the vulnerability of certain demographics, to justify the importance of control.

Enlist And Discuss

 

Question 1. Find the meaning of given symbols in relation to environment conservation. Make a list of other such symbols.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह प्रतीक एक कूड़ेदान को दर्शाता है जिसके ऊपर एक क्रॉस लगा हुआ है, जिसका अर्थ है कि कचरे को यहाँ-वहाँ नहीं फेंकना चाहिए। यह उचित अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन और पर्यावरण को स्वच्छ रखने का संदेश देता है।
(A)
Answer: This symbol tells us to keep our wastes carefully. The garbage should not be strewn anywhere. But it should be properly managed. Waste if managed properly can be a wealth.
In simple words: This symbol indicates that waste should not be littered carelessly but managed properly. It promotes responsible waste disposal, highlighting that managed waste can be a valuable resource.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explain the symbol's message of proper waste management and its broader implication of waste as a resource if handled correctly.

Observe And Fill The Information: (Text Book Page No. 8)

Question 1. Observe the environment around you. Complete the following flow chart.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक प्रवाह तालिका है जो पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों को दर्शाती है। तालिका के शीर्ष पर "पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक" शीर्षक है, जिसके नीचे दो मुख्य श्रेणियां हैं: "प्राकृतिक कारक" और "मानव निर्मित कारक"। 'प्राकृतिक कारक' के तहत 'भूकंप' सूचीबद्ध है, और 'मानव निर्मित कारक' के तहत 'वनोन्मूलन' सूचीबद्ध है, जबकि अन्य कारक भरने के लिए खाली स्थान दिए गए हैं।

Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूर्ण प्रवाह तालिका है जो पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों को दर्शाती है। तालिका के शीर्ष पर "पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारक" शीर्षक है, जिसके नीचे दो मुख्य श्रेणियां हैं: "प्राकृतिक कारक" और "मानव निर्मित कारक"। प्राकृतिक कारकों में भूकंप, ज्वालामुखी विस्फोट, बाढ़, बादल फटना, जंगल की आग, सूखा आदि शामिल हैं। मानव निर्मित कारकों में वनों की कटाई, वायु प्रदूषण, जल प्रदूषण, शहरीकरण, औद्योगिकीकरण, सड़कों, पुलों, बांधों का निर्माण, आतंकवाद आदि शामिल हैं।In simple words: पर्यावरण को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों को प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित श्रेणियों में बांटा गया है। प्राकृतिक कारकों में भूकंप और बाढ़ जैसी आपदाएँ शामिल हैं, जबकि मानव निर्मित कारकों में वनों की कटाई और प्रदूषण जैसी गतिविधियाँ शामिल हैं। यह वर्गीकरण पर्यावरण पर विभिन्न प्रभावों को समझने में मदद करता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: फ्लोचार्ट को पूरा करते समय प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित कारकों के बीच अंतर को स्पष्ट रूप से दर्शाना महत्वपूर्ण है, साथ ही प्रत्येक श्रेणी के तहत विभिन्न उदाहरणों को भी शामिल करना चाहिए।

Complete The Chart: (Text Book Page No. 39)

Question 1. We have studied the air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution in detail in earlier classes. Based on that, complete the following chart.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक अधूरी तालिका है जिसमें वायु प्रदूषण, जल प्रदूषण और मृदा प्रदूषण के घटकों, स्रोतों, प्रभावों और नियंत्रण उपायों को वर्गीकृत किया गया है। तालिका में "वायु प्रदूषण" के घटकों और "मृदा प्रदूषण" के प्रभावों को सूचीबद्ध किया गया है, जबकि "जल प्रदूषण" के अधिकांश कॉलम और अन्य खाली हैं, जिन्हें अगले उत्तर में भरा जाएगा।

Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूर्ण तालिका है जो वायु प्रदूषण, जल प्रदूषण और मृदा प्रदूषण के विभिन्न पहलुओं को दर्शाती है। इसमें प्रत्येक प्रकार के प्रदूषण के घटक (जैसे गैसें, ठोस कण, जैविक/अजैविक कारक), स्रोत (जैसे रासायनिक उद्योग, औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट, कृषि), प्रभाव (जैसे मानव स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव, पौधों की वृद्धि में बाधा), और नियंत्रण उपाय (जैसे लंबी चिमनी, अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन) शामिल हैं। यह तालिका तीनों प्रकार के प्रदूषण का एक व्यापक अवलोकन प्रस्तुत करती है।

	Air pollution	Water pollution	Soil pollution
Components	Gases: \( \text{CO}_2 \), CO, Hydrocarbons, sulphur, \( \text{NO}_X \), hydrogen sulphides, etc. Solid: dust, ash, carbon, lead, asbestos, etc.	Biotic components: Algae, Virus, Bacteria, Parasite Abiotic factors: Sand, soil, dust, floating particles, precipitates of salts, silver, lead, heavy metals, (Radioactive substances) Organic components: Weedicides, Pesticides, Sewage, etc.	Soil pollutants are different in different regions. E.g. Near field-inorganic components of insecticides and excess of fertilizers, heavy metals, and other toxic chemicals.
Source	Chemical industries and oil refineries. Thermal power stations, paper industries, cloth mills, cement manufacturing, Dynamites, stone crushers.	Industrial wastes, Domestic waste, sewage, chemicals discharged from industries, pesticides used in agriculture.	Industrial effluents, house-hold toxic materials, chemical pesticides, biomedical wastes, E-wastes, plastic waste.
Effect	Impact on human health. Serious effects on respiratory system, effect on plants and animals, acid rains, climate change.	Epidemics of water-borne diseases in humans. Mortality of aquatic animals. Eutrophication of the water bodies.	Soil erosion, retarded growth of plants and crops, Nutritional deficiency, etc.
Control Measure	Tall chimneys, improvements in the production methodology, equipment to control the pollution.	Measures to control the release of effluents. Laws against release of toxic effluents in the water bodies.	Recycling and reusing the polluting materials. Solid waste management.

In simple words: यह तालिका वायु, जल और मृदा प्रदूषण के घटकों, उनके स्रोतों, पर्यावरण और स्वास्थ्य पर उनके प्रभावों और उन्हें नियंत्रित करने के उपायों का विस्तृत विवरण प्रदान करती है। यह हमें प्रदूषण के विभिन्न रूपों और उनसे निपटने के तरीकों को समझने में मदद करती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: इस तरह की तालिका-आधारित समस्याओं में, प्रत्येक प्रकार के प्रदूषण के लिए घटकों, स्रोतों, प्रभावों और नियंत्रण उपायों को सटीक रूप से पहचानना और सूचीबद्ध करना महत्वपूर्ण है, साथ ही प्रमुख वैज्ञानिक शब्दों का सही उपयोग करना भी आवश्यक है।

Complete The Chart: (Text Book Page No. 40)

Question 1. Now a day, we are observing the environmental degradation everywhere. Complete the flow chart given besides with the help of environment.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक अधूरा प्रवाह चार्ट है जिसका केंद्रीय विषय "पर्यावरण संरक्षण की आवश्यकता" है। इसके चारों ओर कई खाली बॉक्स हैं जिन्हें पर्यावरण संरक्षण के उद्देश्यों से भरना है। यह दर्शाता है कि पर्यावरण के क्षरण को देखते हुए संरक्षण के क्या लक्ष्य होने चाहिए।

Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूर्ण प्रवाह चार्ट है जो "पर्यावरण संरक्षण की आवश्यकता" के विभिन्न पहलुओं को स्पष्ट करता है। इसमें पर्यावरण संरक्षण के मुख्य उद्देश्यों को दर्शाया गया है: प्रकृति में संतुलन बनाए रखना, स्वच्छ, प्रदूषण-मुक्त हवा, पानी और भूमि बनाए रखना, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का संरक्षण करना, प्राकृतिक और कृत्रिम समस्याओं को हल करना, जैव विविधता की रक्षा और संरक्षण करना, और भावी पीढ़ियों को गुणवत्तापूर्ण जीवन और स्थायी भविष्य प्रदान करना।

		To solve the natural and artificial problems
To maintain the balance in nature	*Need of Environmental conservation
		To conserve the natural resources.
To protect and conserve the biodiversity.		To give quality of life and sustainable future to next generations.
To maintain the clean, pollution free air, water and land.

In simple words: पर्यावरण संरक्षण आवश्यक है ताकि प्रकृति का संतुलन बना रहे, प्रदूषण कम हो, प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का संरक्षण हो, और भावी पीढ़ियों के लिए एक स्वस्थ और टिकाऊ वातावरण सुनिश्चित किया जा सके। यह जैव विविधता की रक्षा और पर्यावरणीय समस्याओं को हल करने में मदद करता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: फ्लोचार्ट को पूरा करते समय, पर्यावरण संरक्षण के विभिन्न और व्यापक लक्ष्यों को स्पष्ट रूप से पहचानना और उन्हें तार्किक रूप से व्यवस्थित करना महत्वपूर्ण है। सुनिश्चित करें कि आप स्वच्छ हवा, पानी, जैव विविधता और भविष्य की पीढ़ियों के कल्याण जैसे सभी प्रमुख पहलुओं को कवर करते हैं।

(Text Book Page No. 43)

Question 1. Where are such sacred groves in Maharashtra? Make a list and visit with your teachers.

Answer: Sacred groves: Sacred groves form an important landscape feature in the deforested hill ranges of the Western Ghats. The felling of timber and the killing of animals in sacred groves is not allowed by the locals. It is considered as taboo.

In Maharashtra, sacred groves are found in tribal as well as non-tribal areas. The sacred groves in the western part are called Devrai or Devrahati, which means the abode of the gods. In eastern parts it is called Devegudi by the madiya tribal people.

In Maharashtra 2820 Devrais have been documented. Maruti, Vaghoba, Vira, Bhiroba, Khandoba and Shirkai are some deities to which sacred groves are dedicated.

In the sacred groves, the most commonly found plant species are Portia tree, Casuarina, Silk cotton tree, Indian laurel, Indian Elm, Bead tree, Indian butter tree, Turmeric and Japanese ginger. In Maharashtra, sacred groves are maximum in district of Sindhudurg, (More than 1500 out of total 2820) followed by Ratnagiri, then Pune and in district of Satara.
In simple words: महाराष्ट्र में पवित्र उपवन (देवराई) पश्चिमी घाट और अन्य क्षेत्रों में पाए जाते हैं, जहाँ स्थानीय लोग देवताओं के नाम पर पेड़ों और जानवरों की रक्षा करते हैं। ये उपवन जैव विविधता से भरपूर होते हैं और वनों की कटाई या शिकार से वर्जित हैं, जो इन्हें एक महत्वपूर्ण संरक्षण स्थल बनाते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: पवित्र उपवनों की अवधारणा और उनके स्थानीय नामों (जैसे देवराई, देवराहाटी, देवेगुडी) का उल्लेख करना महत्वपूर्ण है, साथ ही महाराष्ट्र में उनके वितरण और संरक्षण में उनके महत्व को भी उजागर करें।

Choose The Correct Alternative And Write That Alphabet Against The Sub-Question Number:

Question 1. Paddy fields are frequently attacked by
(a) goats
(b) birds
(c) grasshoppers
(d) monkeys
Answer: (c) grasshoppers
In simple words: धान के खेत आमतौर पर टिड्डे द्वारा हमला करते हैं, क्योंकि वे धान के पौधों को खाते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: फसलों पर हमला करने वाले सामान्य कीटों और जानवरों के बारे में जानकारी याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 2. Basic functional unit to study the ecology is termed as ...........
(a) environment
(b) niche
(c) ecosystem
(d) food chain
Answer: (c) ecosystem
In simple words: पारिस्थितिकी का अध्ययन करने के लिए मूलभूत कार्यात्मक इकाई पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र है, जिसमें जीवित जीव और उनका भौतिक वातावरण शामिल होता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पारिस्थितिकी की मूलभूत अवधारणाओं और पारिभाषिक शब्दों की स्पष्ट समझ रखें।

Question 3. As per ........... trading of rare animals has been completely banned.
(a) clause 48A
(b) clause 49B
(c) clause 49A
(d) all the above
Answer: (c) clause 49A
In simple words: दुर्लभ जानवरों का व्यापार clause 49A के तहत पूरी तरह से प्रतिबंधित है, जो वन्यजीव संरक्षण कानूनों का हिस्सा है।

🎯 Exam Tip: वन्यजीव संरक्षण से संबंधित विशिष्ट कानूनी प्रावधानों और धाराओं को याद रखें।

Question 4. The jungle in Kokilamukh of Jorhat district of Assam is well known as ...........
(a) Molai jungle
(b) Rhino jungle
(c) Rhino forest
(d) Payang jungle
Answer: (a) Molai jungle
In simple words: असम के जोरहाट जिले के कोकिलामुख में स्थित जंगल को मोलई जंगल के नाम से जाना जाता है, जिसे जादव मोलई पायेंग ने अपने प्रयासों से विकसित किया था।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत में पर्यावरण संरक्षण से जुड़े महत्वपूर्ण व्यक्तियों और स्थानों के बारे में जानकारी रखें।

Question 5. Maintaining record of ........... knowledge is very necessary.
(a) modern
(b) mythical
(c) vedic
(d) traditional
Answer: (d) traditional
In simple words: पारंपरिक ज्ञान का रिकॉर्ड बनाए रखना बहुत आवश्यक है, क्योंकि इसमें अक्सर पर्यावरण के अनुकूल और टिकाऊ प्रथाएं शामिल होती हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरण प्रबंधन में पारंपरिक ज्ञान के महत्व पर ध्यान दें।

Question 6. ........... is world's largest organization engaged in environmental activities.
(a) Greenpeace
(b) Hariyali
(c) B. N. H. S.
(d) I. I. T.
Answer: (a) Greenpeace
In simple words: ग्रीनपीस पर्यावरण गतिविधियों में संलग्न दुनिया का सबसे बड़ा संगठन है, जो पर्यावरणीय मुद्दों के प्रति जागरूकता बढ़ाने और समाधान खोजने का काम करता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: प्रमुख अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण संगठनों के नाम और उनके कार्यों को याद रखें।

Question 7. ........... sanctuary of West Bengal is reserved for tigers.
(a) Gir
(b) Sunderban
(c) Molai
(d) Corbett
Answer: (b) Sunderban
In simple words: पश्चिम बंगाल का सुंदरबन अभयारण्य बाघों के लिए आरक्षित है, खासकर रॉयल बंगाल टाइगर के लिए।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत में प्रमुख वन्यजीव अभयारण्यों और उनके संरक्षित जानवरों के बारे में जानकारी रखें।

Question 8. World Biodiversity Day is celebrated on ........... every year.
(a) 22nd April
(b) 5th June
(c) 16th September
(d) 22nd May
Answer: (d) 22nd May
In simple words: हर साल 22 मई को विश्व जैव विविधता दिवस मनाया जाता है ताकि जैव विविधता के महत्व और उसके संरक्षण के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाई जा सके।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरण से संबंधित महत्वपूर्ण दिनों और उनकी तिथियों को याद रखना परीक्षा के लिए उपयोगी है।

Question 9. Out of the total plant species in the entire world, 50,000 are ...........
(a) extinct
(b) endangered
(c) endemic
(d) rare
Answer: (c) endemic
In simple words: दुनिया भर में कुल पौधों की प्रजातियों में से 50,000 प्रजातियाँ स्थानिक हैं, जिसका अर्थ है कि वे केवल एक विशिष्ट भौगोलिक क्षेत्र में पाई जाती हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: स्थानिक (endemic), विलुप्त (extinct), लुप्तप्राय (endangered) और दुर्लभ (rare) प्रजातियों के बीच के अंतर को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 10. Giant squirrel is an ............ species.
(a) indeterminate
(b) rare
(c) endemic
(d) endangered
Answer: (a) indeterminate
In simple words: विशाल गिलहरी एक अनिश्चित (indeterminate) प्रजाति है, जिसका अर्थ है कि उसके संरक्षण की स्थिति के बारे में पर्याप्त जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है, लेकिन वह संकटग्रस्त लग सकती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: विभिन्न संरक्षण श्रेणियों (जैसे अनिश्चित, दुर्लभ, स्थानिक, लुप्तप्राय) की परिभाषाओं और उनके उदाहरणों को समझें।

Question 11. In a food chain, autotrophic plants are present at the ........... level. (March 2019)
(a) tertiary nutrition
(b) secondary nutrition
(c) producer
(d) apex
Answer: (c) producer
In simple words: एक खाद्य श्रृंखला में, स्वपोषी पौधे उत्पादक स्तर पर मौजूद होते हैं, क्योंकि वे सूर्य के प्रकाश का उपयोग करके अपना भोजन स्वयं बनाते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: खाद्य श्रृंखला में विभिन्न पोषण स्तरों (उत्पादक, प्राथमिक उपभोक्ता, द्वितीयक उपभोक्ता, तृतीयक उपभोक्ता) की पहचान करना और उनकी भूमिकाओं को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 12. ........... from Manas sanctuary in Assam is under threat. (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
(a) one horned rhino
(b) Lion
(c) Musk deer
(d) Giant squirrel/Shekru
Answer: (a) one horned rhino
In simple words: असम के मानस अभयारण्य में एक सींग वाले गैंडे खतरे में हैं, जिसके संरक्षण के लिए विशेष प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत के प्रमुख अभयारण्यों और उनमें पाई जाने वाली संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों को याद रखना उपयोगी है।

Write Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False, Giving Suitable Explanation For The Same:

Question 1. Only abiotic factors play very important role in the ecosystem.
Answer: False. (Both abiotic and biotic factors play very important role in the ecosystem. Only abiotic factors will not decide the working of an ecosystem.)
In simple words: पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में केवल अजैविक कारक ही नहीं, बल्कि जैविक और अजैविक दोनों कारक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं, क्योंकि वे एक-दूसरे के साथ अंतःक्रिया करते हैं और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र के कामकाज को निर्धारित करते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की अवधारणा में जैविक और अजैविक घटकों की परस्पर निर्भरता को स्पष्ट रूप से समझाना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 2. Paddy fields are frequently attacked by frogs.
Answer: False. (Paddy fields are frequently attacked by grasshoppers. Frogs feed on grasshoppers and control the population of these insects that cause destruction of the crops.)
In simple words: धान के खेतों पर मेंढक नहीं, बल्कि टिड्डे हमला करते हैं, और मेंढक वास्तव में टिड्डों को खाकर फसलों को बचाने में मदद करते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: खाद्य श्रृंखला में विभिन्न जीवों की भूमिकाओं और उनके शिकारी-शिकार संबंधों की सही पहचान करना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 3. Environmental pollution is necessary and acceptable change in the surrounding environment.
Answer: False. (Environmental pollution is never acceptable. It is always harmful to the entire ecosystem and thus never necessary.)
In simple words: पर्यावरणीय प्रदूषण कभी भी आवश्यक या स्वीकार्य नहीं है; यह हमेशा पूरे पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र और जीवित जीवों के लिए हानिकारक होता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरणीय प्रदूषण के नकारात्मक प्रभावों और इसकी अस्वीकार्यता पर जोर देना आवश्यक है।

Question 4. X-rays and radiations from atomic energy plants are natural radiations.
Answer: False. (X-rays are not present in natural radiations. Infra-red and ultra-violet rays are present in natural radiations.)
In simple words: एक्स-रे और परमाणु ऊर्जा संयंत्रों से निकलने वाले विकिरण प्राकृतिक विकिरण नहीं होते; प्राकृतिक विकिरण में मुख्य रूप से इन्फ्रा-रेड और अल्ट्रा-वायलेट किरणें शामिल होती हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: प्राकृतिक और कृत्रिम विकिरण के स्रोतों के बीच अंतर को स्पष्ट रूप से जानना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 5. The person breaching the Environmental Conservation Act is entitled for either one year imprisonment or fine up to Rs. 5 lakh.
Answer: False. (The person breaching the Environmental conservation Act is fined upto Rs. 1 lakh. He is also entitled to imprisonment for five years.)
In simple words: पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम का उल्लंघन करने वाले व्यक्ति पर Rs. 1 लाख तक का जुर्माना लगाया जा सकता है और उसे पाँच साल तक की कैद हो सकती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम के तहत दंड के प्रावधानों को सही ढंग से याद रखें, विशेषकर जुर्माने और कारावास की अवधि।

Question 6. Many people come together to establish arnew forest but a single person, if determined can destroy the entire forest!
Answer: False. (When anything constructive has to be done even a single man can start such action. In case of 'Molai jungle', this statement holds true. But when destructive actions are done, many people come together and cause damage.)
In simple words: एक अकेला व्यक्ति दृढ़ संकल्प से जंगल बना सकता है, जैसा कि मोलई जंगल के मामले में देखा गया, लेकिन बड़े पैमाने पर विनाश के लिए आमतौर पर कई लोगों के सामूहिक प्रयासों की आवश्यकता होती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरण संरक्षण और विनाश दोनों में व्यक्तिगत और सामूहिक प्रयासों की भूमिका को स्पष्ट करें, खासकर जादव मोलई पायेंग जैसे उदाहरणों के संदर्भ में।

Question 7. There are clusters of thick forests only in Western Ghats of India.
Answer: False. (Entire India is rich in biodiversity. Just not in Western Ghats but in entire India one can observe the clusters of thick forests and this is mainly due to suitable tropical climate.)
In simple words: भारत में घने जंगल केवल पश्चिमी घाट में ही नहीं, बल्कि पूरे देश में पाए जाते हैं, जो उपयुक्त उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु के कारण जैव विविधता से भरपूर हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत की जैव विविधता की व्यापकता और विभिन्न भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में घने वनों की उपस्थिति पर ध्यान दें।

Question 8. 86 highly sensitive biodiversity spots are reported all over the world.
Answer: False. (As per the latest information and available data, there are 34 highly sensitive biodiversity spots.)
In simple words: नवीनतम जानकारी के अनुसार, विश्व भर में 86 नहीं, बल्कि 34 अत्यधिक संवेदनशील जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: विश्व में जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट की सही संख्या और उनकी पहचान को याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 9. Flow of nutrients in an ecosystem is unidirectional.
Answer: False. (Flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. Flow of nutrients is cyclic.)
In simple words: पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में पोषक तत्वों का प्रवाह चक्रीय होता है, जबकि ऊर्जा का प्रवाह एक दिशा में होता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में ऊर्जा प्रवाह (unidirectional) और पोषक तत्व चक्र (cyclic) के बीच के महत्वपूर्ण अंतर को स्पष्ट रूप से समझें।

Match The Columns:

Question 1.

Column I	Column II
(1) Physical, chemical and biological factors together form	(a) Biodiversity
(2) The science of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors	(b) Ecosystem
	(c) Ecology
	(d) Environment

Answer:
(1) Physical, chemical and biological factors together form - Environment.
(2) The science of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors - Ecology.
In simple words: भौतिक, रासायनिक और जैविक कारक मिलकर पर्यावरण बनाते हैं, जबकि जैविक और अजैविक कारकों के बीच की बातचीत का अध्ययन पारिस्थितिकी कहलाता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: 'पर्यावरण' और 'पारिस्थितिकी' की परिभाषाओं को स्पष्ट रूप से समझें और उनके घटकों को पहचानें।

Question 2.

Column I	Column II
(1) Basic functional unit in the environment	(a) Biodiversity
(2) Different types of living organisms	(b) Ecosystem
	(c) Ecology
	(d) Environment

Answer:
(1) Basic functional unit in the environment - Ecosystem.
(2) Different types of living organisms - Biodiversity.
In simple words: पर्यावरण में मूलभूत कार्यात्मक इकाई पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र है, जबकि विभिन्न प्रकार के जीवित जीव जैव विविधता को दर्शाते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: 'पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र' को एक कार्यात्मक इकाई के रूप में और 'जैव विविधता' को जीवित जीवों की विविधता के रूप में पहचानना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 3.

Rules/Act	Year
(1) Sound Pollution (Control and Prevention) Rule	(a) 1980
(2) Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule	(b) 2011
	(c) 1998
	(d) 2000

Answer:
(1) Sound Pollution (Control and Prevention) Rule - 2000.
(2) Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule - 1998.
In simple words: ध्वनि प्रदूषण (नियंत्रण और रोकथाम) नियम वर्ष 2000 में लागू हुआ था, जबकि बायोमेडिकल अपशिष्ट (प्रबंधन और संचालन) नियम वर्ष 1998 में लागू किया गया था।

🎯 Exam Tip: प्रमुख पर्यावरणीय नियमों और उनके लागू होने के वर्षों को सटीक रूप से याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 4.

Rules/Act	Year
(1) Forest Conservation Act	(a) 1980
(2) Environmental Conservation Act	(b) 1986
	(c) 2011
	(d) 2000

Answer:
(1) Forest Conservation Act - 1980.
(2) Environmental Conservation Act - 1986.
In simple words: वन संरक्षण अधिनियम 1980 में लागू हुआ, जबकि पर्यावरण संरक्षण अधिनियम 1986 में लागू किया गया था।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत में महत्वपूर्ण पर्यावरण और वन कानूनों और उनके लागू होने के वर्षों को याद रखें।

Question 5.

Species	Examples
(1) Endangered	(a) Red panda, Musk deer.
(2) Rare	(b) Tiger, Lion.
	(c) Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican.
	(d) Monkey, squirrel

Answer:
(1) Endangered Species - Lion tailed monkey, lesser florican.
(2) Rare Species - Red panda, Musk deer.
In simple words: लुप्तप्राय प्रजातियों में शेर-पूंछ वाला मकाक और लेसर फ्लोरिकन शामिल हैं, जबकि दुर्लभ प्रजातियों में रेड पांडा और कस्तूरी मृग आते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: विभिन्न संरक्षण श्रेणियों (लुप्तप्राय, दुर्लभ) के उदाहरणों को सही ढंग से पहचानें।

Question 6.

Species	Examples
(1) Vulnerable	(a) Giant squirrel (Shekhru)
(2) Indeterminate	(b) Red panda, Musk deer
	(c) Tiger, Lion
	(d) Lesser florican, sparrow

Answer:
(1) Vulnerable Species - Tiger, Lion.
(2) Indeterminate Species - Giant squirrel (Shekhru).
In simple words: सुभेद्य प्रजातियों में बाघ और शेर शामिल हैं, जबकि अनिश्चित प्रजातियों में विशाल गिलहरी (शेकरू) आती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: वन्यजीव संरक्षण में उपयोग की जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रजाति श्रेणियों (सुभेद्य, अनिश्चित) और उनके उदाहरणों को समझें।

Find The Odd One Out:

Question 1. Ash, Carbon dioxide, Lead, Asbestos
Answer: Carbon dioxide. (All others are solid particulate pollutants.)
In simple words: राख, सीसा और एस्बेस्टस ठोस कणों वाले प्रदूषक हैं, जबकि कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड एक गैसीय प्रदूषक है, इसलिए यह विषम है।

🎯 Exam Tip: विभिन्न प्रकार के प्रदूषकों (ठोस, गैसीय, तरल) और उनके भौतिक गुणों के बीच अंतर को जानें।

Question 2. Manas sanctuary, Sunderbans sanctuary, The Western Ghats, Tadoba National Park
Answer: Tadoba National Park. (All others are endangered heritage places of India.)
In simple words: मानस अभयारण्य, सुंदरबन अभयारण्य और पश्चिमी घाट भारत के संकटग्रस्त विरासत स्थल हैं, जबकि ताडोबा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान एक अलग श्रेणी का संरक्षित क्षेत्र है।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत के महत्वपूर्ण वन्यजीव अभयारण्यों, राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों और विश्व विरासत स्थलों की पहचान करना और उनके वर्गीकरण को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 3. Lion tailed monkey, White rats, Musk deer, Tiger
Answer: White rats. (All others are species that are threatened.)
In simple words: शेर-पूंछ वाला मकाक, कस्तूरी मृग और बाघ सभी संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियाँ हैं, जबकि सफेद चूहे आमतौर पर संकटग्रस्त नहीं माने जाते, इसलिए यह विषम है।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत में पाई जाने वाली संकटग्रस्त वन्यजीव प्रजातियों और सामान्य प्रजातियों के बीच अंतर करने की क्षमता विकसित करें।

Question 4. Conservation, Regulation, Pollution, Prohibition
Answer: Pollution. (All others are ways of environmental protection.)
In simple words: संरक्षण, विनियमन और निषेध सभी पर्यावरण संरक्षण के तरीके हैं, जबकि प्रदूषण पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुँचाता है, इसलिए यह विषम है।

🎯 Exam Tip: पर्यावरण संरक्षण के विभिन्न उपायों और पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुँचाने वाले कारकों के बीच स्पष्ट अंतर को पहचानें।

Question 5. IPCC, UNEP, IUCN, BNHS
Answer: BNHS. (All others are international organizations. BNHS is Bombay Natural History Society.)
In simple words: IPCC, UNEP और IUCN अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन हैं जो पर्यावरण और जलवायु परिवर्तन पर काम करते हैं, जबकि BNHS (बॉम्बे नेचुरल हिस्ट्री सोसाइटी) एक भारतीय संगठन है, इसलिए यह विषम है।

🎯 Exam Tip: विभिन्न राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय पर्यावरण संगठनों की पहचान करना और उनकी प्रकृति को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Find The Correlation:

Question 1. Rare species: Musk deer: : ........... : Lesser florican.
Answer: Endangered species
In simple words: कस्तूरी मृग एक दुर्लभ प्रजाति है, जबकि लेसर फ्लोरिकन एक लुप्तप्राय प्रजाति है।

🎯 Exam Tip: दुर्लभ और लुप्तप्राय प्रजातियों के उदाहरणों के बीच संबंध को पहचानें।

Question 2. Red panda: Rare species :: Giant Squirrel : ............
Answer: Indeterminate species
In simple words: रेड पांडा एक दुर्लभ प्रजाति है, जबकि विशाल गिलहरी एक अनिश्चित प्रजाति है, जिसके संरक्षण की स्थिति के बारे में पर्याप्त जानकारी नहीं है।

🎯 Exam Tip: दुर्लभ और अनिश्चित प्रजातियों के उदाहरणों और उनकी संबंधित संरक्षण श्रेणियों के बीच संबंध को समझें।

Question 3. Nitrogen, Oxygen : Gaseous cycle : : Soil and Rocks : ............
Answer: Sedimentary cycle
In simple words: नाइट्रोजन और ऑक्सीजन गैसीय चक्र के उदाहरण हैं, जबकि मिट्टी और चट्टानें अवसादी चक्र से संबंधित हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: विभिन्न जैव-भू-रासायनिक चक्रों (गैसीय, अवसादी) और उनके प्रमुख घटकों के बीच संबंध को स्पष्ट रूप से पहचानें।

Question 4. Manas: One horned Rhino :: Gir: ............
Answer: Asiatic lion
In simple words: मानस अभयारण्य एक सींग वाले गैंडे के लिए प्रसिद्ध है, जबकि गिर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान एशियाई शेर के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत के प्रमुख वन्यजीव अभयारण्यों और उनमें पाए जाने वाले विशिष्ट जानवरों के बीच संबंध को याद रखें।

Question 5. Mumbai : Bombay Natural History Society : : TehriGarhwal : ............
Answer: Chipko centre.
In simple words: मुंबई में बॉम्बे नेचुरल हिस्ट्री सोसाइटी स्थित है, जबकि टिहरी गढ़वाल चिपको आंदोलन का केंद्र था।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत में महत्वपूर्ण पर्यावरण संगठनों और आंदोलनों से जुड़े स्थानों को जानें।

Answer The Following Questions In Detail:

Question 1. Answer the following questions:
(a) What will be the effect on paddy crop?
Answer: If the population of frog declines, then there will be rise in the population of grasshoppers. The paddy fields will hence be infested with insect pests.
In simple words: यदि मेंढकों की आबादी घटती है, तो टिड्डों की संख्या बढ़ जाएगी, जिससे धान के खेतों में कीटों का प्रकोप बढ़ जाएगा और फसल को नुकसान होगा।

🎯 Exam Tip: खाद्य श्रृंखला में संतुलन बनाए रखने वाले जीवों की भूमिका और एक प्रजाति की आबादी में कमी के व्यापक पारिस्थितिक प्रभावों को समझाना महत्वपूर्ण है।

(b) Number of which consumers will decline and which will increase?
Answer: The food chain if altered, results in imbalance in the ecosystem. 'Paddy \( \implies \) Grasshoppers \( \implies \) Frog \( \implies \) Snake', this food chain is natural. When by any reason there is decline in the number of frogs, thus secondary consumer will also decline. Due to this decline, snake which is at tertiary consumer level will also decline. Theprimary consumers i.e. grasshoppers will increase as there is now no check on their population. Due to increase in their population the paddy production will be reduced.
In simple words: यदि मेंढकों की संख्या घटती है, तो द्वितीयक उपभोक्ता (मेंढक) और तृतीयक उपभोक्ता (साँप) दोनों की संख्या में कमी आएगी, जबकि प्राथमिक उपभोक्ता (टिड्डे) की संख्या में अनियंत्रित वृद्धि होगी, जिससे धान की फसल को अधिक नुकसान होगा।

🎯 Exam Tip: खाद्य श्रृंखला में विभिन्न पोषण स्तरों पर जीवों की आबादी में बदलाव के कारण होने वाले प्रभावों को स्पष्ट रूप से पहचानें और समझाएं।

(c) Name the Indian states where paddy is cultivated on a large scale.
Answer: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam and Maharashtra.
In simple words: भारत में पश्चिम बंगाल, उत्तर प्रदेश, हरियाणा, पंजाब, तमिलनाडु, आंध्र प्रदेश, बिहार, छत्तीसगढ़, ओडिशा, असम और महाराष्ट्र जैसे राज्यों में बड़े पैमाने पर धान की खेती की जाती है।

🎯 Exam Tip: भारत के प्रमुख कृषि उत्पादक राज्यों और उनकी मुख्य फसलों के बारे में जानकारी रखें।

Question 2. What is radioactive pollution? What are its effects?
Answer:
(1) The radiations emitted either through the natural sources or through man-made sources cause radioactive pollution.
(2) The natural radiations is in the form of ultra violet and infrared radiations.
(3) Artificial or man-made radiations are X-rays and radiations from atomic energy plants.
(4) All radiations are highly hazardous for the living organisms. The impact of radiation is also for a very long time.
(5) It has brought about major accidental mishaps at Chernobyl, Windscale, qpd Three Miles Island. These disasters have affected thousands of people.
(6) Some other effects of radiations are as follows -
(i) Due to higher radiations of X-rays, cancerous ulceration occurs,
(ii) Radiations destroy the body tissues,
(iii) Radiations cause mutations and thus genetic changes occur,
(iv) There is adverse effect on the vision.
In simple words: रेडियोधर्मी प्रदूषण प्राकृतिक या मानव निर्मित स्रोतों से निकलने वाले विकिरणों के कारण होता है, जैसे परमाणु ऊर्जा संयंत्रों से निकलने वाले एक्स-रे। इसके प्रभावों में कैंसर, ऊतक क्षति, आनुवंशिक उत्परिवर्तन और दृष्टि पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव शामिल हैं, और यह लंबे समय तक जीवित जीवों के लिए अत्यधिक खतरनाक होता है।

🎯 Exam Tip: रेडियोधर्मी प्रदूषण के स्रोतों (प्राकृतिक और मानव निर्मित), प्रमुख उदाहरणों (जैसे चेरनोबिल), और जीवित जीवों पर इसके दीर्घकालिक और गंभीर प्रभावों को विस्तृत रूप से समझाना महत्वपूर्ण है।

Question 3. Give one word for "The forest conserved in the name of God." (Board's Model Activity Sheet)
Answer: Deorai.
In simple words: ऐसे वन जो ईश्वर के नाम पर संरक्षित होते हैं, उन्हें देवराई कहते हैं।

🎯 Exam Tip: पवित्र उपवनों के लिए स्थानीय शब्द 'देवराई' को याद रखें, जो सांस्कृतिक संरक्षण का एक उदाहरण है।

Give Scientific Reasons:

 

Question 2. What is radioactive pollution? What are its effects?
Answer:
(1) The radiations emitted either through the natural sources or through man-made sources cause radioactive pollution.
(2) The natural radiations is in the form of ultra violet and infrared radiations.
(3) Artificial or man-made radiations are X-rays and radiations from atomic energy plants.
(4) All radiations are highly hazardous for the living organisms. The impact of radiation is also for a very long time.
(5) It has brought about major accidental mishaps at Chernobyl, Windscale, qpd Three Miles Island. These disasters have affected thousands of people.
(6) Some other effects of radiations are as follows -
(i) Due to higher radiations of X-rays, cancerous ulceration occurs,
(ii) Radiations destroy the body tissues,
(iii) Radiations cause mutations and thus genetic changes occur,
(iv) There is adverse effect on the vision.
In simple words: Radioactive pollution is caused by harmful radiations from natural or man-made sources, significantly damaging living organisms and the environment over long periods, with severe health and genetic effects.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding the types, sources, and devastating effects of radioactive pollution is crucial for explaining its environmental impact and the need for stringent safety measures.

 

Question 3. Give one word for "The forest conserved in the name of God."
Answer: Deorai.
In simple words: A "Deorai" is a sacred grove, a forest area preserved by local communities in the name of a deity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remembering the term 'Deorai' for sacred groves helps link traditional conservation practices with environmental management concepts.

Give Scientific Reasons

 

Question 1. Certain scavenging caterpillars, termites and insects found in the dung are important.
Answer:
• Scavenging caterpillars and insects are decomposers. They seem to be Worthless due to filthy surrounding in which they thrive.
• But they carry out most important task of decomposition of complex organic substances into simple inorganic elements.
• This recycling is possible only due to decomposers.
• If they are not present, there will be huge accumulation of garbage. Therefore, these living organisms are important.
In simple words: Scavenging insects and caterpillars are vital decomposers, breaking down complex organic waste into simpler substances, which recycles nutrients and prevents garbage buildup.

🎯 Exam Tip: Explaining the role of decomposers highlights their fundamental importance in nutrient cycling and waste management within ecosystems.

 

Question 2. Destroying trees is to destroy everything.
Answer:
• When a single huge tree is felled many living organisms which are dependent on it, are exterminated.
• Many insects, fungi, birds, etc. lose their habitat.
• Trees take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. These natural cycles are also hindered due to loss of trees.
• Due to trees there is shade, cooler atmosphere and increase in the rainfall. When such trees are destroyed all the components in the ecosystem are destroyed too.
In simple words: Destroying trees impacts entire ecosystems by eliminating habitats for numerous organisms, disrupting vital cycles like carbon-oxygen exchange, and altering local climate, leading to widespread environmental damage.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the interconnectedness of ecosystems, demonstrating how removing a key component like trees can have cascading negative effects on biodiversity and ecological balance.

 

Question 3. There is no definite information about indeterminate species.
Answer:
• Indeterminate species do not have substantial information about them.
• The organisms belonging to such species appear to be endangered due to their some behavioural habits.
• They are shy and do not come in open so that they can be observed keenly.
• For example, animals like Giant squirrel also do not provide such information.
In simple words: Indeterminate species are those about which there's insufficient data, often due to their shy nature or elusive behavior, making it hard to assess their conservation status despite appearing endangered.

🎯 Exam Tip: When discussing species classification, emphasize that indeterminate species represent a knowledge gap, underscoring the challenges in comprehensive biodiversity assessment and conservation planning.

 

Question 4. Tigers from Sunderbans and Rhinos from Manas are under threat.
Answer:
• Manas is in the area-of Assam where there are many dams and Indiscriminate use of water.
• This area is also flood affected. Therefore, rhinos are under threat.
• In Sunderbans, there are also problems such as deforestation, dams, excessive fishing, and dug out trenches.
• All of these cause dangers to the tiger population.
In simple words: Rhinos in Manas face threats from dams, excessive water use, and floods, while tigers in Sunderbans are endangered by deforestation, dams, overfishing, and trenches, all stemming from human activities and environmental changes.

🎯 Exam Tip: This question requires identifying specific environmental pressures and human impacts on wildlife in particular regions, showcasing an understanding of localized conservation challenges.

 

Question 5. There are clusters of thick forests in the Western Ghats of India.
Answer:
• There are many sacred groves in the region of Western Ghats of India.
• These forests are not conserved by Government Forest Departments but are cared for by the local people, in the name of God.
• Due to such faith in the people, the forests are conserved like sanctuaries.
• Such many clusters are in Western Ghats of Maharashtra.
In simple words: The Western Ghats of India, especially in Maharashtra, feature numerous sacred groves- forest patches protected by local communities due to religious beliefs, which effectively act as traditional sanctuaries for biodiversity.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlighting the concept of sacred groves demonstrates an awareness of traditional, community-driven conservation efforts, particularly relevant in biodiversity-rich areas like the Western Ghats.

 

Question 6. We can see biodiversity on three levels.
Answer:
1. There is biodiversity in the living organisms belonging to the same genus.
2. This diversity is due to different heredity pattern. This is called genetic biodiversity.
3. The organisms occupying the same area and belonging to the same species also show diversity due to different species. This is species biodiversity.
4. The organisms occupying different ecosystems also show differences, which is called ecosystem biodiversity. Therefore, we observe biodiversity on three different levels.
In simple words: Biodiversity exists at three levels: genetic diversity (variations within the same species), species diversity (variety among different species in an area), and ecosystem diversity (the range of different ecosystems in a region).

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly defining and differentiating between genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity is essential for a comprehensive understanding of biodiversity and its conservation challenges.

Questions Based On Diagrams:

 

Question 1. What is shown in the picture? Write name and trophic level of each component.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक खाद्य श्रृंखला (Food Chain) को दर्शाता है जिसमें हरे पौधे (उत्पादक) से शुरू होकर विभिन्न मांसाहारी (उपभोक्ता) तक ऊर्जा का प्रवाह दिखाया गया है। इसमें एक हरा पौधा, एक टिड्डा, एक मेंढक, एक सांप और एक उल्लू शामिल हैं, जो पाँच पोषण स्तरों (trophic levels) का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।
Answer:
In this picture, food chain having five trophic levels is shown.
(1) Trophic level 1 = Producers : Green plant.
(2) Trophic level 2 = Primary consumer (Herbivore): Grasshopper.
(3) Trophic level 3 = Secondary consumer (Carnivore): Bird.
(4) Trophic level 4 = Tertiary consumer (Carnivore) : Snake.
(5) Trophic level 5 = Top or Apex consumer (Carnivore) : Owl.
In simple words: The diagram illustrates a five-level food chain, starting with a green plant as the producer, followed by a grasshopper (primary consumer), a bird (secondary consumer), a snake (tertiary consumer), and an owl (apex consumer), showing energy flow through different trophic levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: For diagram-based questions, accurately identifying each component and its trophic level is key to demonstrating an understanding of ecosystem structure and energy transfer.

 

Question 2. Explain the meaning of following symbols A and B and C.
A.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र एक हरे पत्ती और एक प्लग जैसे चिन्ह को दर्शाता है, जिसके माध्यम से नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा (जैसे सौर और पवन ऊर्जा) के उपयोग का संदेश दिया गया है। यह प्रतीक पर्यावरण के अनुकूल ऊर्जा स्रोतों को अपनाने की आवश्यकता पर बल देता है।
Answer:
The symbol show types of green energy such as solar energy and wind energy. It also expresses that people should use such sources of energy for their use.
In simple words: Symbol A promotes the use of green energy sources like solar and wind power, encouraging people to switch to environmentally friendly alternatives.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting symbols, relate their visual elements to core environmental concepts like renewable energy or conservation to provide a clear and concise explanation.

 

Question 2. B. Explain the meaning of following symbols A and B and C.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो हाथों को एक पानी की बूंद को सहारा देते हुए दर्शाता है, जो "पानी बचाओ" के संदेश को इंगित करता है। यह प्रतीक भविष्य के लिए पानी के स्थायी और विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग की आवश्यकता पर जोर देता है।
Answer:
This symbol is giving the message "Save water". Sustainable use of water is necessary for our future.
In simple words: Symbol B conveys the message to "Save water," emphasizing the critical need for sustainable and careful water usage to ensure availability for future generations.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding symbols for environmental issues like water conservation helps in recognizing universal calls to action for resource management.

 

Question 2. C. Explain the meaning of following symbols A and B and C.
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो प्रसिद्ध पर्यावरण संगठनों, WWF (विश्व वन्यजीव कोष) के पांडा प्रतीक और BNHS (बॉम्बे नेचुरल हिस्ट्री सोसाइटी) के विशाल हॉर्नबिल प्रतीक को दर्शाता है। ये प्रतीक वन्यजीवों और प्रकृति के संरक्षण के लिए उनके कार्यों को इंगित करते हैं।
Answer:
The symbols of WWF and BNHS are shown here. BNHS stands for Bombay Natural History Society. This institute works for the conservation and documentation of flora and fauna.
WWF means World Wild Life Fund. Also known as World Wide Life Fund. This International Institute is looking after the welfare of wildlife through different conservation projects. WWF symbol shows Panda while BNHS symbol has Giant Hornbill.
In simple words: Symbol C shows logos for WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) and BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society), both prominent organizations dedicated to wildlife and nature conservation, focusing on protecting flora and fauna.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identifying key conservation organizations and their symbols is important for understanding the institutional framework and global efforts in environmental protection.

 

Question 3. (a) Identify the following symbols and state their significance:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र दो प्रतीकों को दर्शाता है। पहला प्रतीक पानी की बूंद को सहारा देते हुए हाथों को दिखाता है, जो 'पानी बचाओ' का संदेश देता है। दूसरा प्रतीक एक साइकिल को दर्शाता है, जो हरित ऊर्जा के उपयोग और पर्यावरण-अनुकूल परिवहन को बढ़ावा देता है।
Answer:
(i) This symbol is giving the message "Save water". Sustainable use of water is necessary for our future.
(ii) Use of bicycle means use of green energy. By riding on a bicycle we save on fuel and use our own muscular energy. It is the best ecofriendly, non polluting vehicle.
In simple words: The first symbol signifies "Save Water," emphasizing sustainable water use, while the second, a bicycle, represents green energy and eco-friendly, non-polluting transportation that saves fuel.

🎯 Exam Tip: Articulating the significance of common environmental symbols demonstrates practical understanding of conservation principles and sustainable living practices.

 

Question 3. (b) How can biodiversity be conserved?
Answer:
Biodiversity can be conserved by the following ways:
• Protection of the rare species of plants and animals.
• Creating habitats for the animals and plants by establishing National Park and Sanctuaries.
• Declaration of bio reserves, the areas which are protected through conservation.
• Conservation projects for protecting special species.
• Conservation of all flora and fauna.
• Strict observance of the acts and rules.
• Use of traditional knowledge and maintaining record of traditional knowledge.
In simple words: Biodiversity is conserved through protecting rare species, establishing national parks and sanctuaries, creating bio-reserves, running specific conservation projects, safeguarding all flora and fauna, enforcing environmental laws, and utilizing traditional knowledge.

🎯 Exam Tip: A comprehensive answer on biodiversity conservation should include both direct protection measures (sanctuaries, species projects) and broader strategies like legal frameworks and traditional knowledge integration.

Activity Based Questions:

 

Question 1. Questions based on the charts. Complete the flow chart:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक अधूरा फ्लोचार्ट है जो 'इकोसिस्टम' (Ecosystem) और उसके 'बायोटिक कंपोनेंट्स' (Biotic components) को दर्शाता है। इसमें 'ऑटोट्रोफिक' (Autotrophic) और 'डीकंपोजर्स' (Decomposers) के बॉक्स दिख रहे हैं, साथ ही 'प्रोड्यूसर्स' (Producers) और 'प्लांट्स' (Plants) भी हैं। छात्रों को इसे पूरा करने की उम्मीद है, जिसमें 'हेटेरोट्रोफिक' (Heterotrophic) घटक और 'कंज्यूमर्स' (Consumers) के विभिन्न स्तर (प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक, तृतीयक) शामिल होंगे।
Answer:
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह एक पूर्ण फ्लोचार्ट है जो इकोसिस्टम के घटकों को दर्शाता है। यह 'इकोसिस्टम' से शुरू होकर 'बायोटिक कंपोनेंट्स' में विभाजित होता है, जो आगे 'ऑटोट्रोफिक' (उत्पादक: पौधे) और 'हेटेरोट्रोफिक' (उपभोक्ता: जानवर) और 'डीकंपोजर्स' (बैक्टीरिया, कवक) में बँटता है। उपभोक्ताओं को प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक और तृतीयक स्तरों में वर्गीकृत किया गया है।
In simple words: The flow chart illustrates how an ecosystem's biotic components are categorized into autotrophic (producers like plants), heterotrophic (consumers like animals, divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels), and decomposers (bacteria, fungi).

🎯 Exam Tip: Completing flow charts on ecosystem structure tests understanding of interconnected roles like producers, consumers, and decomposers, and their hierarchical arrangement.

 

Question 2. Collect more information about locations of these hotspots present in the world.
Answer: Students should collect this information.
In simple words: Students are tasked with researching and gathering details about the geographical distribution of biodiversity hotspots across the globe.

🎯 Exam Tip: This type of question encourages research and self-learning, which is crucial for developing a broader understanding of global environmental issues and conservation geography.

 

Question 3. Where are such sacred groves in Maharashtra? Make a list and visit with your teachers.
Answer:
Sacred groves: Sacred groves form an important landscape feature in the deforested hill ranges of the Western Ghats. The felling of timber and the killing of animals in sacred groves is not allowed by the locals. It is considered as taboo.
In Maharashtra, sacred groves are found in tribal as well as non-tribal areas. The sacred groves in the western part are called Devrai or Devrahati, which means the abode of the gods. In eastern parts it is called Devegudi by the madiya tribal people.
In Maharashtra 2820 Devrais have been documented. Maruti, Vaghoba, Vira, Bhiroba, Khandoba and Shirkai are some deities to which sacred groves are dedicated.
In the sacred groves, the most commonly found plant species are Portia tree, Casuarina, Silk cotton tree, Indian laurel, Indian Elm, Bead tree, Indian butter tree, Turmeric and Japanese ginger. In Maharashtra, sacred groves are maximum in district of Sindhudurg, (More than 1500 out of total 2820) followed by Ratnagiri, then Pune and in district of Satara.
In simple words: Sacred groves in Maharashtra, known as Devrai or Devrahati in the west and Devegudi in the east, are forest areas protected by local communities as abodes of gods, primarily found in the Western Ghats and serving as important biodiversity hotspots.

🎯 Exam Tip: Describing sacred groves and their cultural significance in specific regions like Maharashtra showcases an understanding of localized traditional conservation methods and their effectiveness.

Projects: (Do It Your Self)

 

Project 1. Let's Discuss: Collect the information about Chipko Movement and discuss between two groups of your class about its importance in present situation.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer to this question.
In simple words: This project requires students to research the Chipko Movement and engage in a class discussion about its historical significance and current relevance in environmental conservation.

🎯 Exam Tip: Engaging in project-based learning like this helps develop research, analytical, and communication skills, vital for deeper engagement with environmental history and current challenges.

 

Project 2. Collect more information on the organization of Greenpeace.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer to this question.
In simple words: Students need to gather further information about Greenpeace, a global environmental organization, to understand its missions and campaigns.

🎯 Exam Tip: Researching international environmental organizations like Greenpeace expands students' knowledge of global conservation efforts and advocacy, providing real-world context to environmental studies.

 

Project 3. There should be positive attitude of human being towards the environment for welfare of entire living world. For this purpose, following roles are important. You can be a conservator, organizer, guide, plant-friend, etc. Describe about the role you wish to perform and your plans for that role.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer to this question.
In simple words: This project asks students to reflect on their potential role in environmental welfare, identify a specific role they wish to play (e.g., conservator, plant-friend), and outline their plans for fulfilling that role.

🎯 Exam Tip: Such reflective questions foster personal responsibility and critical thinking about individual contributions to environmental conservation, encouraging actionable plans.

 

Project 4. Survey the plants and animals in your area. Maintain a record about their characteristics.
Answer: Students can conduct such surveys with the help of elders.
In simple words: This project involves conducting a local survey of plants and animals, documenting their characteristics, ideally with guidance from adults.

🎯 Exam Tip: Local biodiversity surveys are practical exercises that develop observational skills and an understanding of ecological communities in their immediate environment.

 

Project 5. Internet is my friend! Collect the information Textbook page no. 41
(1) Sound Pollution (Control and Prevention) Rule, 2000.
(2) Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rule, 1998.
(3) E-waste (Management and Handling) Rule, 2011.
Answer: Students are expected to write this answer to this question.
In simple words: This project directs students to use the internet to research specific environmental regulations: the Sound Pollution Rule (2000), Biomedical Waste Rule (1998), and E-waste Rule (2011).

🎯 Exam Tip: Researching specific environmental rules and acts helps students understand the legal framework of environmental management and the practical aspects of pollution control.