Maharashtra Board Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Climate PDF Download

Climate

Study figure 4.1 and 4.2 and answer the following questions:

Considering the isotherms of Brazil, what is the average range of temperature in Brazil?

In which area does it rain more?

From which directions are winds flowing towards Brazil?

What could be the reason behind that?

What could be the obstruction in the way of these winds?

Which type of rainfall will occur because of these winds?

Correlate these winds and rainfall.

In which part of Brazil are the average temperatures low?

Identify the rain-shadow area in Brazil. Describe its climatic characteristics.

In which region do you find a higher temperature?

Considering the latitudinal extent of Brazil, where will you find temperate climate in Brazil?

Describe the winds blowing between 0° to 5° N and S zones.

Which method has been used to show distribution in this map?

Teacher's Note

Brazil is a big country with very different climates in different places. Just like India has hot areas and cold areas, Brazil also has many types of weather in different regions.

Exam Trick

Remember: Near the equator = Hot and wet. Far from equator = Different climates. Brazil has both because it is very big and stretches from north to south.

Points to Remember

Brazil has a very wide range of climates because it is very large and spread across many latitudes.
The equator passes through the northern part of Brazil, making it very hot and wet.
Trade winds from the southeast and northeast bring rainfall to Brazil.
Mountains block the winds and cause rain to fall in some areas while other areas get very little rain.
The southern part of Brazil is cooler than the northern part.

India

Observe Fig 4.3 and write the answers.

Which region gets more than 4000mm of rainfall?

Identify the regions with maximum and minimum temperatures?

In which direction is the temperature increasing?

Identify the direction of the winds shown. What are they known as?

Which winds are responsible for the rainfall in India?

Some part of Rajasthan is under desert? What could be the reason for it?

Draw the main parallel of latitude passing through India which affects its climate. (Refer to. Fig. 2.1)

In which part of Peninsular India are semi-arid climatic conditions found and why?

Teacher's Note

India also has different climates in different places just like Brazil. In India, monsoon winds bring lots of rain to some areas, but other areas stay very dry.

Exam Trick

Remember: Monsoon = winds that bring rain to India. Southwest monsoon in summer brings the most rain. Think of monsoon like someone bringing water to your garden at a special time each year.

Points to Remember

India's climate is called monsoon type climate.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India and affects its weather.
Different areas of India get different amounts of rain because of mountains and wind direction.
The Himalayan mountains block cold winds from coming into India.
India has four seasons: hot season, monsoon season, retreating monsoon season, and cold season.

Geographical Explanation

Brazil

Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, it experiences wide range of climatic variations in climate. For example near equator it is hot while temperate type of climate is found near Tropic of Capricorn. Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade winds and the North-east Trade Winds.

Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the northern coast. The escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds coming from the sea and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region. Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal. This region is a rainshadow region. This region is called 'Drought Quadrilateral'. Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the northern part of Brazil is hot while the southern part are comparatively lower. Seasonal variations are found in this pattern. Near the equator at Brazilian coast, temperature does not vary much.

In the coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible. The winds move in the vertical direction in this region. Similarly, the convergence zone of th trade winds is weak here. As a result, cyclones are not formed. That is why tropical cyclones rarely visit the coasts of Brazil.

Most of the part of this country lies in the tropical zone. The equator passes through the northern part of the country. The temperature is more in this region. The average temperature in the Amazon valley is 25° - 28° C. The climate is cooler in the Highlands. Because of the proximity to the sea, the coasts experience mild and humid climate. The Amazon valley receives around 2000 mm of rainfall. while the north-eastern coast receives 1000 to 1200 mm of rainfall.

Teacher's Note

The mountains in Brazil block rain from reaching some areas, like how a wall blocks water. This creates very dry areas called Drought Quadrilateral.

Exam Trick

Remember: Escarpments = mountains that block wind and rain. When wind hits a mountain, it rains on one side but not on the other side. This is called rain shadow.

Points to Remember

The Amazon valley in Brazil is very hot and gets lots of rain because it is near the equator.
Orographic rainfall happens when wind hits mountains and brings rain to one side.
Rain shadow areas are very dry because mountains block the rain from reaching them.
The 'Drought Quadrilateral' is a very dry part of Brazil's highlands.
Brazil does not get tropical cyclones because winds at the equator move up and down, not sideways.

Teacher's Note

India's monsoon winds are like a seasonal visitor that brings lots of rain at certain times of the year. Just like we know when our relatives visit, we know when monsoon will come.

Exam Trick

Remember: Monsoon = seasonal winds. Southwest monsoon = summer rains for India. It comes from the Indian Ocean and brings water for crops and wells.

Points to Remember

India's climate is called monsoon type because of seasonal winds.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India making it hot.
The Himalayas block very cold winds from Central Asia from entering India.
The Eastern and Western Ghats are mountains that catch rain from monsoon winds.
Some areas of India get rain two times a year from two different monsoons.

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