ISC Class 12 Mass Media and Communication Sample Paper 2026 with Solutions

SECTION A - 14 MARKS

Question 1

(i) A camera shot that tilts on the camera's x-axis to create a feeling of uneasiness is known as ________________. [1 Mark]
(a) Bird’s eye view
(b) Dutch angle shot
(c) Oblong
(d) Worm-eye view

Answer: (b) Dutch angle shot

Teacher's Note:
a) A Dutch angle shot creates a disoriented or uneasy mood by tilting the horizontal axis.
b) Students must not confuse this with a high-angle or worm-eye view.

(ii) ______________ is an advertisement hidden within a news article. [1 Mark]
(a) Sting operation
(b) Paid news
(c) Partisan reporting
(d) Advertorial

Answer: (d) Advertorial

Teacher's Note:
a) An advertorial blends advertising content with journalistic format.
b) It is important to distinguish it from paid news, which specifically refers to sponsored political or corporate coverage.

(iii) ______________ coined the term ‘documentary’. [1 Mark]
(a) John Grierson
(b) John Lumiere
(c) Dada Saheb Phalke
(d) Quentin Tarantino

Answer: (a) John Grierson

Teacher's Note:
a) John Grierson used the term 'documentary' in a review of Robert Flaherty's film Moana in 1926.
b) Remember this pioneering figure in documentary filmmaking for board questions.

(iv) Given below are two statements marked Assertion and Reason. Read the statements carefully and choose the correct option.
Assertion: Smartphones are an example of technological convergence.
Reason: They run one program at a time and need constant internet connectivity. [1 Mark]
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Answer: (c) Assertion is true and Reason is false.

Teacher's Note:
a) Smartphones integrate multiple media forms like cameras, phones, and internet browsers, demonstrating technological convergence.
b) The reason is incorrect because smartphones are multitasking devices capable of running multiple programs simultaneously.

(v) ________________ refers to the correct portrayal of communities in media. [1 Mark]

Answer: Representation

Teacher's Note:
a) Representation deals with how different social groups, cultures, and communities are depicted in media texts.
b) Accurate representation ensures diverse groups are portrayed without bias or stereotyping.

(vi) A kind of reporting that presents information in a biased manner and may support a specific political party is known as _________________. [1 Mark]

Answer: Partisan reporting

Teacher's Note:
a) Partisan reporting lacks objectivity and favors a particular political ideology or entity.
b) It is a major ethical concern in modern journalism.

(vii) ___________________ convert(s) electronic signals into sounds that we can hear, thus allowing us to enjoy music. [1 Mark]

Answer: Speakers

Teacher's Note:
a) Transducers like speakers convert electrical audio signals into acoustic sound waves.
b) This is a fundamental concept in audio broadcasting and sound engineering.

(viii) State whether the following are True or False:
(a) Dada Saheb Phalke was inspired by the movie Life of Pi. [1 Mark]

Answer: False

Teacher's Note:
a) Dada Saheb Phalke was inspired by the silent film Life of Christ (The Miracle), not Life of Pi.
b) Be precise with historical facts regarding early cinema.

(b) Cyber Activism uses social media to spread awareness on pertinent socio-political issues. [1 Mark]

Answer: True

Teacher's Note:
a) Cyber activism leverages digital platforms and social networks to mobilize support and spread awareness.
b) Hashtag campaigns are common examples of cyber activism.

(c) Radio Jockeys require a strong command over written language. [1 Mark]

Answer: True

Teacher's Note:
a) Although radio is an audio medium, RJs write scripts, cue cards, and social media posts requiring strong written communication skills.
b) Writing for the ear demands clarity and conversational tone.

(d) Textual media convergence is the replacement of physical text with online media. [1 Mark]

Answer: False

Teacher's Note:
a) Textual convergence refers to the sharing of stories, information, and media content across different platforms and formats.
b) Do not confuse it with mere digitization of text.

(ix) Provide one example of Cybercrime. [1 Mark]

Answer: Online bullying / stalking / trolling / online frauds (Any one)

Teacher's Note:
a) Cybercrime encompasses illegal activities conducted via the internet or digital networks.
b) Giving a clear, standard example like online fraud or identity theft fetches full marks.

(x) State an advantage of ‘new media’. [1 Mark]

Answer: All broadcasting media / Television / Radio (Accepting interactivity, global reach, or user-generated content context as per key overview)

Teacher's Note:
a) New media offers interactivity, instant feedback, and global connectivity.
b) Ensure answers highlight key characteristics such as democratization of content creation.

(xi) What is a radio studio? [1 Mark]

Answer: A specially designed place for live broadcast or recording production. (Alternatively: A studio which includes audio equipment and sound transmission for radio programming / A studio divided between on air and production for pre recording and editing content.)

Teacher's Note:
a) A radio studio is an acoustically treated room optimized for sound recording and broadcasting.
b) Mentioning acoustic treatment and technical setup adds precision to the definition.

SECTION B - 28 MARKS

Question 2 [4 Marks]
Films and books strongly influence our behaviour and communication in cultural setup. With the help of a relevant example, explain the relationship between Communication and Culture.

Answer:
Communication and culture are deeply intertwined; culture shapes how people communicate, and communication transmits and preserves culture from generation to generation. Cultural norms, values, and beliefs dictate language, tone, and non-verbal gestures.
Example: In many Western cultures, direct eye contact and assertive communication are encouraged and viewed as signs of confidence, whereas in some Asian cultures, indirect communication and avoiding direct eye contact reflect respect and humility. Thus, communication styles vary based on cultural backgrounds, and media forms like films and books mirror and reinforce these cultural paradigms.

Teacher's Note:
a) Emphasize the reciprocal relationship where culture influences communication codes and vice versa.
b) Providing a concrete example of cultural differences in communication styles ensures full credit.

Question 3 [4 Marks]
(i) Using appropriate examples, state any four ways by which Representation has a positive influence on mass media.

Answer:
1. Promotes Inclusivity and Diversity: Showcasing different cultures, identities, and perspectives fosters a more receptive and inclusive society (e.g., featuring diverse ethnic backgrounds in mainstream sitcoms).
2. Boosts Self-Esteem and Identity: Seeing people who look like you or share your experiences in media enhances confidence and self-worth.
3. Reduces Stereotypes and Prejudice: Accurate and diverse portrayals challenge negative stereotypes and promote understanding among different groups.
4. Inspires Social Change: Media representation can raise awareness about important issues and influence public opinion, leading to policy changes and activism.

Teacher's Note:
a) Candidates must list and briefly explain four distinct positive impacts of representation.
b) Use clear headings or bullet points as shown in the marking scheme for clarity.

OR

(ii) Elaborate on the term culture. How does media in two different countries project cultures differently? [4 Marks]

Answer:
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a particular group or society, influencing how individuals think, communicate, and interact. It is passed down through generations via language, traditions, and social norms.
Comparison between two countries:
- South Korea: Media such as K-dramas often highlight themes of family honor, filial piety, and respect for elders, reflecting traditional Confucian values.
- United States: American TV shows and films often emphasize individualism, personal success, consumer culture, and autonomy.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define culture comprehensively before drawing the international media comparison.
b) Contrast specific cultural traits visible in media content across nations.

Question 4 [4 Marks]
Empathy allows a journalist to understand an incident from the point of view of those who have experienced it. Explain the statement with the help of an example.

Answer:
Empathy in journalism means understanding and sharing the feelings of those affected by a news event, moving beyond mere statistics to capture human emotions and struggles. An empathetic journalist creates fair, sensitive, and impactful stories.
Example: When covering an earthquake, a purely factual report might state: 'An earthquake of 6.5 magnitude struck the town, destroying 500 homes.' An empathetic journalist interviews survivors, sharing personal narratives—such as a mother describing the terrifying moment her walls collapsed—which helps readers connect emotionally and encourages action and support.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain that empathy transforms cold data into compelling, human-centric reporting.
b) The example must clearly contrast dry statistical reporting with empathetic storytelling.

Question 5 [4 Marks]
What are video sharing sites? State any two benefits of sharing videos online.

Answer:
Video-sharing sites are online platforms where users can upload, share, and watch videos globally. Popular examples include YouTube, TikTok, and Vimeo.
Two benefits of sharing videos online:
1. Global Reach: Videos can be viewed by audiences worldwide, transcending local geographic limits.
2. Engaging Content: Videos are visually appealing and dynamic, making them highly effective for storytelling, marketing, and education compared to text alone.

Teacher's Note:
a) Provide a clear definition of video-sharing platforms with examples.
b) State any two valid benefits in complete sentences as required by the instruction.

Question 6 [4 Marks]
(i) Differentiate between ‘Call to Action’ and ‘Infomercials’, providing an example for each.

Answer:

Teacher's Note:
a) Use a tabular format or clear comparative points based on definition, purpose, and format.
b) Ensure distinct examples are provided for both terms.

OR

(ii) How are ‘Dolly shots’ and ‘Crane shots’ used to film moving subjects? [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. Dolly Shots: A camera is mounted on a wheeled cart moving along tracks or a smooth surface. It is used to follow a moving subject horizontally or forward/backward (such as tracking a character walking down a hallway), creating a smooth, grounded motion that draws the viewer into the scene.
2. Crane Shots: Uses a mechanical crane or jib arm to move the camera vertically, diagonally, or overhead. It is used to film subjects moving vertically (like climbing stairs or rising from a crowd) or to create dramatic reveals, bird's-eye views, and a sense of scale.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly explain the mechanical setup and the specific cinematic use for both shots.
b) Mention how each shot handles motion relative to the subject.

Question 7 [4 Marks]
Smartphones have forced a change in the strategies that political parties have to use during campaigns. Explain.

Answer:
Smartphones have revolutionized political campaigning by shifting focus toward digital and mobile-first strategies. Key changes include:
1. Visual-Centric Campaigning: Parties invest heavily in short videos, reels, and infographics because smartphone users prefer visual media over long manifestos.
2. Real-Time Feedback and Polling: Parties use mobile-based surveys to instantly gauge public mood and fine-tune their messaging.
3. Micro-Targeting and Geo-Targeted Messaging: Campaigns send region-specific messages and notifications using mobile location data.
4. 24/7 Voter Access: Parties connect with voters continuously across time zones through social media apps.

Teacher's Note:
a) Discuss at least four distinct ways smartphones have transformed campaign tactics.
b) Focus on interactivity, speed, visual content, and direct voter engagement.

Question 8 [4 Marks]
As radios are an audio-only medium, radio jockeys have to create imageries through storytelling. Explain.

Answer:
Since radio lacks visual elements, radio jockeys (RJs) rely entirely on audio techniques to paint mental pictures and engage listeners. Key methods include:
1. Descriptive Language: Using vivid words and sensory details so listeners visualize settings (e.g., describing a sunrise instead of just saying it is morning).
2. Voice Modulation and Tone: Adjusting pitch, pace, and volume to convey emotions and build dramatic tension.
3. Sound Effects and Background Music (Foley/SFX): Incorporating ambient sounds like rain, traffic, or footsteps to set the mood.
4. Engaging Anecdotes: Sharing relatable personal stories to captivate the audience.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain how the absence of visuals requires reliance on auditory imagination.
b) Highlight specific tools like voice modulation, descriptive vocabulary, and sound effects.

SECTION C - 28 MARKS

Question 9 [7 Marks]
What is social media convergence? How has it impacted our participation in media on the internet?

Answer:
Social media convergence refers to the integration of multiple forms of communication, content, and digital technologies into a single, interconnected ecosystem where users access, create, and share content seamlessly across platforms.
Impact on participation in media:
1. Enhanced User Engagement: Users actively interact with media through likes, shares, comments, and live discussions rather than consuming passively.
2. Rise of Citizen Journalism: Individuals can report news, share opinions, and create content independently, reducing reliance on traditional media gatekeepers.
3. Multi-Platform Accessibility: Users can access and synchronize the same content across multiple devices (smartphones, tablets, laptops).
4. Greater Digital Activism: Convergence empowers global social movements (e.g., #MeToo) by enabling rapid mobilization and viral reach.
5. Blurring Lines Between Creators and Consumers: Audiences now actively shape online conversations as 'prosumers'.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define social media convergence clearly before discussing its impacts.
b) Provide at least four to five well-explained impacts on user participation.

Question 10

(i) Discuss the genre theory in cinema. [4 Marks]

Answer:
Genre theory in cinema is the study of how films are categorized based on common themes, narrative structures, stylistic elements, and audience expectations. It helps filmmakers, critics, and audiences classify movies into specific categories such as horror, comedy, action, and sci-fi.
Key aspects of genre theory include:
- Conventions and Codes: Standardized elements expected in a genre, such as jump scares in horror films.
- Audience Expectations: Viewers tune in expecting certain tropes, like a happy ending in a romantic comedy.
- Hybrid Genres: Modern films often blend genres, such as action-comedy or sci-fi horror.
- Genre Evolution: Genres adapt over time to reflect changing cultural norms and technological advancements.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain the fundamental definition and purpose of genre categorization in films.
b) Mention key structural or cultural aspects associated with genre theory.

(ii) Explain the crime genre of cinema, elaborating on why it holds the audience’s attention. [3 Marks]

Answer:
The crime genre focuses on stories involving criminal activities, law enforcement, justice, and the moral consequences of crime. It explores themes of mystery, corruption, morality, and revenge.
Reasons why it holds audience attention:
1. Suspense and Mystery: Unraveling puzzles, uncovering clues, and unexpected plot twists keep viewers hooked.
2. Moral Ambiguity and Complex Characters: Portraying layered antiheroes (like detectives or criminals) creates deep emotional engagement.
3. Adrenaline-Packed Action: High-stakes chase scenes, shootouts, and confrontations provide excitement and high dramatic tension.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define the thematic core of the crime genre.
b) Clearly outline psychological and structural reasons for its enduring popularity.

Question 11 [7 Marks]
(i) State and explain any three types of Netiquettes, providing an example for each.

Answer:
1. Respect Others' Privacy:
- Explanation: Avoid sharing others' personal information, photos, or private messages without explicit permission.
- Example: Asking friends before posting a group photo online.
2. Use Proper Language and Tone:
- Explanation: Communicate politely, avoiding offensive language, insults, or excessive use of capital letters which signify shouting.
- Example: Typing 'Hey, just checking in. Let me know when you're free!' instead of 'WHY HAVEN'T YOU REPLIED?!'
3. Think Before You Post:
- Explanation: Consider the permanent impact of your words and images before sharing them online.
- Example: Ensuring a controversial opinion shared on a public forum is respectful and verified before publishing.

Teacher's Note:
a) Netiquette refers to acceptable social guidelines for online communication.
b) Each rule must include a clear explanation and a practical example to secure full marks.

OR

(ii) ‘Fake news’ and ‘Paid news’ have become increasingly popular with the rise of social media and competition among media houses. Briefly discuss the two types of news referred to above citing three negative consequences of each. [7 Marks]

Answer:
- Fake News: False or misleading information presented as factual news, spread intentionally to manipulate public opinion or create panic.
Three negative consequences of fake news:
1. Misinformation and Public Panic: False reports during crises cause widespread fear and erratic behavior.
2. Threat to Democracy: Spreads political propaganda, unfairly influencing elections.
3. Hate Speech and Social Unrest: False narratives against ethnic or religious groups incite real-world violence.
- Paid News: News content sponsored by political parties or corporations to influence public opinion while disguised as independent journalism.
Three negative consequences of paid news:
1. Loss of Media Credibility: Public trust in journalism declines when coverage is bought rather than earned.
2. Manipulation of Public Opinion: Misleads citizens into thinking they are consuming objective reporting when they are viewing advertisements.
3. Unfair Competition: Honest businesses or candidates lose out to those who can afford to purchase favorable media coverage.

Teacher's Note:
a) Clearly differentiate between fake news (fabricated falsehoods) and paid news (sponsored bias disguised as editorial content).
b) List and explain three distinct socio-political or economic consequences for each category.

Question 12
Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Gender stereotyping is everywhere and causes serious, long-lasting harm. From “boys will be boys” attitudes in school, to ‘jobs for boys’ and ‘jobs for girls’, these stereotypes are deeply embedded and last a lifetime.
We need to end the ‘princessification’ of girls and the ‘toxification’ of boys.
The commercial sector too often uses gender stereotypes and segregates boys and girls to sell more products.
We need to make women and girls visible because the default male is still the prevailing assumption. Hence, it is important to routinely show and popularize women as leaders and scientists.
Majority of people recognize that there is a problem with such attitudes and want to change it. They want to see real change initiated by the government and commercial sector.
(Source (edited): www.fawcett.society.org.uk)

(i) Provide an example, other than the one given above, of a gender stereotype for girls. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Assuming that girls are not naturally good at math and science, pushing them towards arts while encouraging boys into STEM fields.

Teacher's Note:
a) Provide a clear and distinct gender stereotype regarding girls not mentioned in the text.
b) Examples related to career choices, abilities, or toys are acceptable.

(ii) State any two ways by which stereotyping may be harmful to a child. [2 Marks]

Answer:
1. Low Self-Esteem and Confidence: Children labelled by stereotypes may doubt their natural abilities and feel inferior.
2. Limited Career and Life Aspirations: Stereotypes discourage children from exploring unconventional hobbies, subjects, or careers.

Teacher's Note:
a) State two specific psychological or developmental harms caused by stereotyping.
b) Keep answers concise and directly tied to childhood development.

(iii) ‘Majority of people recognize that there is a problem and increasingly want something different.’ Briefly explain any four ways by which this ‘problem’ may be countered. [4 Marks]

Answer:
1. Encourage Open-Mindedness and Critical Thinking: Teach children to question stereotypes encountered in media, schools, and daily life.
2. Promote Diverse Role Models: Expose children to books, movies, and stories featuring individuals breaking traditional gender roles (e.g., female scientists or leaders).
3. Remove Restrictions on Toys and Activities: Allow children freedom to choose toys and hobbies regardless of traditional gender norms.
4. Use Inclusive Language: Avoid reinforcing restrictive phrases (like 'boys don't cry' or 'jobs for girls') and foster gender-neutral communication.

Teacher's Note:
a) Outline four actionable methods to counter gender stereotyping in society and education.
b) Ensure each point is explained briefly with practical pedagogical or parenting approaches.