ISC Class 12 History Board Exam Question Paper 2019 with Solutions

ISC Class 12 History Board Exam Question Paper with Solutions 2019

Part - I (20 Marks)

Answer all questions

Question 1. [20 x 1]
(i) What is the significance of 8th August, 1942, in the history of India's struggle for freedom ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
On 8th August, 1942, the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India Resolution. Mahatma Gandhi then launched the Quit India Movement in Bombay for freedom from British rule, which compelled the British officials to start a dialogue with Indian parties for a possible transfer of power.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention the passing of the Quit India Resolution by the AICC at Bombay.
b) Ensure students associate this date directly with the formal adoption of the Quit India call.

(ii) Why did Subhash Chandra Bose resign from the post of Congress President at the Tripuri Session in 1939 ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Subhash Chandra Bose won the election defeating Gandhiji's candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya, but due to opposition and non-cooperation from Gandhi and members of the Working Committee regarding the formation of the committee, he found it impossible to work efficiently and resigned.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight the conflict between Bose and the Gandhian wing over the formation of the Working Committee.
b) Note that this led to his resignation and the subsequent formation of the Forward Bloc.

(iii) Name the activist who undertook an epic fast unto death for a separate Andhra State. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Potti Sreeramulu.

Teacher's Note:
a) State the exact name of the leader clearly as Potti Sreeramulu.
b) Remember that his fast and subsequent death led to the creation of the first linguistic state, Andhra Pradesh, in 1953.

(iv) Who succeeded Lai Bahadur Shastri as the Prime Minister of India, in 1966 ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Gulzarilal Nanda succeeded him initially as the Acting Prime Minister, followed by Indira Gandhi later in the same year.

Teacher's Note:
a) Mention Gulzarilal Nanda as the immediate successor in an acting capacity.
b) Indira Gandhi took over as Prime Minister shortly after in 1966.

(v) Name two important leaders of the Naxalite Movement in Bengal. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal.

Teacher's Note:
a) Give both names accurately as key figures of the early Naxalite uprising.
b) Avoid confusing them with later leaders from other states.

(vi) What was the fundamental difference between the demands of the Khalistan Movement and that of the Assam Movement ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
The Khalistan Movement demanded a separate sovereign Sikh state, whereas the Assam Movement was a popular agitation directed against undocumented foreign immigrants in Assam.

Teacher's Note:
a) Contrast the separatist nature of Khalistan with the anti-immigrant demographic focus of the Assam Movement.
b) Clear differentiation of core motives is essential for full credit.

(vii) In the context of the Non-Aligned Movement, what was India's stance during the Korean War ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
India backed the US by endorsing the United Nations resolution that condemned North Korea's attack on South Korea, while upholding independent judgment under its non-alignment policy.

Teacher's Note:
a) Point out India's support for the UN resolution condemning North Korean aggression.
b) Emphasize that this demonstrated non-alignment did not mean passive neutrality on blatant acts of aggression.

(viii) What was the primary objective of the 'Sampoorna Kranti Movement' (Total Revolution) led by Jayprakash Narayan ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
To overthrow misrule and corruption practiced in the Bihar Legislative Assembly and transform society across political, economic, and social spheres.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify the core target against corruption and misrule in Bihar.
b) Mention that it later expanded into a nationwide movement against the central government.

(ix) Why did Dalai Lama seek asylum in India ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Due to the Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1959 and the assertion of Chinese suzerainty which threatened Tibetan religious and political leadership.

Teacher's Note:
a) Link the asylum to the Chinese takeover of Tibet.
b) Note that India granted asylum, which became a point of friction in Sino-Indian relations.

(x) Name any one organisation that campaigned against the evils of the dowry system in the 1970s. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Progressive Organization of Women of Hyderabad.

Teacher's Note:
a) Name the organisation precisely.
b) Students can also mention equivalent women's forums active during the 1970s anti-dowry agitations.

(xi) Define the term appeasement in the context of the causes of the Second World War. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Appeasement was a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive enemy power (such as Nazi Germany) to avoid war.

Teacher's Note:
a) Define appeasement as concessions to aggressive powers to maintain peace.
b) Mention how the Anglo-French policy towards Hitler failed and led to WWII.

(xii) What was the objective of Operation Overlord launched by the Allied Powers on 6th June, 1944 ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
To liberate northern France from German occupation and Brussels and Antwerp in Belgium from Axis forces.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify D-Day and the liberation of Western Europe as the key objective.
b) Mention the landing on the Normandy beaches.

(xiii) In the context of Mao Tse Tung's agricultural policy, what is meant by the term Communes ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
Communes were large collective farms where people ran agricultural operations collectively and performed local government functions through an elected council, sharing profits.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain communes as collective farming units under Mao's agricultural reforms.
b) Note their dual function as economic and local administrative units.

(xiv) What is the most important reason for the downfall of Kwame Nkrumah ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
His abandonment of parliamentary government in favour of a one-party state and personal dictatorship coupled with economic distress.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight the shift to a one-party dictatorship.
b) Mention economic failures that led to his overthrow by the army in 1966.

(xv) Mention one example to show that the thaw in the Cold War was partial. [1 Mark]

Answer:
The suppression of the Hungarian uprising in Budapest by Soviet tanks in 1956 despite Khrushchev's policy of peaceful coexistence.

Teacher's Note:
a) Provide the Hungarian Revolution suppression as a clear example.
b) Show how Soviet control over satellite states remained rigid.

(xvi) Name the first Chancellor of United Germany (1990) since the Second World War. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Helmut Kohl.

Teacher's Note:
a) State Helmut Kohl's name correctly.
b) Associate him directly with German reunification in 1990.

(xvii) Mention any one important international organisation that condemned Apartheid. [1 Mark]

Answer:
The United Nations Organisation (UNO).

Teacher's Note:
a) Name the United Nations Organisation.
b) Mention that it also imposed resolutions and promoted boycotts against South Africa.

(xviii) What is the full form of :
(a) NOW
(b) ERA [1 Mark]

Answer:
(a) NOW: National Organization for Women
(b) ERA: Equal Rights Amendment

Teacher's Note:
a) Write out both acronyms accurately.
b) These relate to feminist movements in the United States.

(xix) Name the signatories of the Sykes-Picot Agreement. [1 Mark]

Answer:
Great Britain and France (with the assent of the Russian Empire).

Teacher's Note:
a) Name Great Britain and France as primary signatories.
b) Note its secret nature for dividing the Ottoman Empire.

(xx) By which treaty (1993) did Israel and the PLO formally and mutually recognize each other ? [1 Mark]

Answer:
The Oslo Accords.

Teacher's Note:
a) Name the Oslo Accords (1993).
b) Mention mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO as its key outcome.

Part - II (60 Marks)

Section - A

2. (a) Outline the main features of Provincial Autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Abolition of Diarchy in the provinces and introduction of Provincial Autonomy, making provinces autonomous units of administration in their defined spheres.
2. Executive authority was vested in the Governor, who was to act on the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
3. Introduction of Bicameral legislatures in several provinces like Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces, Bihar, and Assam.
4. Division of powers into three lists: Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List.
5. Introduction of Diarchy at the Centre while removing it from the provinces.
6. Maintenance of separate electorates based on communal lines and property qualifications for voting rights.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on provincial autonomy replacing provincial diarchy.
b) Detail the division of powers and responsible government under governors.

(b) Critically assess the working of the Congress ministers from 1937 to 1939. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Achievements included the release of political prisoners, reduction of ministers' salaries, initiation of tribal welfare schemes, and jail reforms.
2. Civil liberties were restored, bans on political organisations were lifted, and freedom of the press was largely respected.
3. Limitations included failure to introduce comprehensive radical land reforms due to pressure from zamindars and landlords within and outside the party.
4. In United Provinces (UP), cautious action on talukdars was taken to avoid alienating Muslim landlords and driving them to the Muslim League.
5. Ministries faced friction with British governors who retained overarching discretionary powers.
6. The ministries resigned en masse in November 1939 in protest against India being dragged into the Second World War without consultation.

Teacher's Note:
a) Balance the constructive social reforms with the failure regarding radical land reforms.
b) Conclude with their resignation over the war issue in 1939.

3. The first General Election in India (1952) was a landmark event in the history of independent India. Discuss. [12 Marks]

Answer:
1. Conducted under the new Constitution based on universal adult franchise, defying doubts about holding elections in a largely illiterate and impoverished nation.
2. Massive scale managed by Chief Election Commissioner Sukumar Sen and millions of officials, setting a robust democratic precedent.
3. Participation of numerous national and regional parties contesting hundreds of seats for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
4. Sweeping victory for the Indian National Congress (INC) under Jawaharlal Nehru, securing a massive majority in the Lok Sabha and most state assemblies.
5. Recognition of opposition parties like the Communist Party of India (CPI) as the principal opposition, alongside smaller groups like Jan Sangh.
6. Demonstrated the deep commitment of Indian leadership to democratic norms, freedom of the press, and parliamentary debates despite absolute single-party dominance.

Teacher's Note:
a) Emphasize the monumental challenge of universal adult franchise in a newly independent nation.
b) Highlight Congress's victory and the peaceful establishment of democratic institutions.

4. (a) Critically review the Assam agitation. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Initiated and spearheaded by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) starting in 1979.
2. Central demand was the identification, disenfranchisement, and deportation of undocumented foreign immigrants (primarily from Bangladesh) from Assam's electoral rolls.
3. Characterized by mass protests, rallies, picketing of government offices, and boycotts of elections, disrupting normal administration.
4. Although mostly peaceful, the movement witnessed tragic incidents of ethnic violence, notably the Nellie massacre in 1983.
5. Forced the central government to acknowledge the demographic anxieties of the indigenous Assamese population.
6. Culminated in prolonged negotiations and the signing of the historic Assam Accord in August 1985.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on AASU's leadership and the core demand regarding illegal immigrants.
b) Note both the democratic mobilization and the unfortunate outbreak of violence.

(b) What was the Centre's response to the Assam agitation? [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Initially attempted to conduct elections amidst protests, leading to severe clashes and administrative breakdown.
2. The Parliament passed the Illegal Immigrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act (IM-DT Act) in October 1983 to address tribunal mechanisms in Assam.
3. Imposed curfew and deployed security forces, including central forces, to maintain law and order.
4. Initiated multiple rounds of official negotiations involving the Home Secretary and student leaders during 1984 and 1985.
5. Reached a compromise setting January 1966 as the cut-off date for regularization, with disenfranchisement for those entering between 1966 and 1971.
6. Concluded with the signing of the Assam Accord in August 1985 in the presence of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.

Teacher's Note:
a) Outline legislative and administrative measures like the IM-DT Act.
b) Conclude with the dialogue process leading to the 1985 Assam Accord.

5. (a) Give an account of the main features of the course of the JP Movement which led to the declaration of Emergency on 25th June, 1975. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Began as a student agitation in Bihar in 1974 against rising prices, food scarcity, corruption, and misrule by the state government.
2. Veteran Gandhian socialist Jayprakash Narayan (JP) agreed to lead the movement on the condition that it remain completely non-violent.
3. Transformed into the 'Sampoorna Kranti' (Total Revolution) movement, calling for societal overhaul, boycotting exams, and demanding the dissolution of the Bihar Assembly.
4. Gained massive cross-sectoral support from opposition parties, youth wings like ABVP, and workers, spreading nationwide.
5. Intensified political confrontation following the Allahabad High Court verdict unseating Indira Gandhi on grounds of electoral malpractice.
6. Led to the declaration of a nationwide Emergency on the night of 25th June, 1975, when JP called for civil disobedience.

Teacher's Note:
a) Trace the evolution from a student protest in Bihar to a national movement under JP.
b) Connect the movement's peak directly to the imposition of the 1975 Emergency.

(b) What were the main features of the Emergency declared on 25th June, 1975 ? [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Suspension of fundamental rights and curtailment of democratic freedoms across the country.
2. Mass preventive detention of prominent opposition leaders including Jayprakash Narayan, Morarji Desai, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and L.K. Advani.
3. Imposition of strict press censorship, controlling both print and broadcast media to suppress dissent.
4. Banning of militant and opposition-affiliated organizations such as the RSS and various leftist groups.
5. Implementation of controversial state actions such as forced mass sterilization drives and arbitrary displacement under administrative excess.
6. Widespread political arrests without trial, severely impacting civil liberties and democratic institutions.

Teacher's Note:
a) Detail the suspension of rights and arrest of opposition leaders.
b) Highlight press censorship and administrative excesses during this period.

6. (a) Trace the circumstances that led to the outbreak of the Indo-China war in 1962. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1959 and the suppression of Tibetan autonomy, leading to the flight of the Dalai Lama to India.
2. India's grant of asylum to the Dalai Lama and Tibetan refugees, which deeply antagonized the Chinese leadership.
3. Border disputes concerning the alignment of the boundary in two major sectors: Aksai Chin in the western sector and Arunachal Pradesh (then NEFA) in the eastern sector.
4. Construction of a strategic military road by China through Aksai Chin connecting Xinjiang and Tibet, claimed by India as Indian territory.
5. India's adoption of the 'Forward Policy' of establishing military outposts along disputed border regions.
6. Failure of diplomatic negotiations and China's sudden, unprovoked military offensive across the border in October 1962.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight the Tibet issue and boundary disputes over Aksai Chin.
b) Mention the Forward Policy and the sudden Chinese attack in 1962.

(b) What were the consequences of this war? [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Military defeat for India and China's retention of de facto control over Aksai Chin.
2. Severe political fallout leading to the resignation of Defence Minister V.K. Krishna Menon and loss of prestige for the Nehru government.
3. A major overhaul and modernization program for the Indian armed forces to prepare for future conflicts.
4. Passage of the Defense of India Act in December 1962, resulting in the internment, deportation, or harassment of people of Chinese origin in India.
5. A permanent shift in India's foreign and defense policy towards heightened vigil and defense preparedness vis-a-vis China.
6. End of the 'Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai' era, plunging bilateral relations into a prolonged stalemate.

Teacher's Note:
a) Detail the territorial loss and political consequences like Menon's resignation.
b) Mention military modernization and the impact on Chinese-Indians.

Section - B

Question 7.
(a) State the aims of Hitler's foreign policy and his plans to fulfil those aims. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Destruction of the Versailles Treaty, which Germans considered humiliating and unjust.
2. Building up a powerful modern German army, navy, and air force (re-militarization).
3. Recovery of lost German territories such as the Saar and the Polish Corridor.
4. Achieving 'Grossdeutschland' by uniting all ethnic Germans within the Reich, including the annexation of Austria and parts of Czechoslovakia and Poland.
5. Securing 'Lebensraum' (living space) in Eastern Europe and Russia for the German population by conquering Slavic lands.
6. Eradication of international communism as part of Nazi ideological objectives.

Teacher's Note:
a) Focus on Versailles revisionism, Lebensraum, and pan-German unification.
b) Clearly link aims to Hitler's aggressive expansionist plans.

(b) Give an account of the Anschluss with Austria with reference to Hitler's aggressive policy. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Hitler's initial attempt in July 1934 failed when Austrian Nazis assassinated Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss and Italian dictator Mussolini moved troops to the Brenner Pass to deter Germany.
2. By 1938, circumstances changed favourably as Mussolini was bogged down in Abyssinia and aligned with Germany in the Rome-Berlin Axis.
3. Hitler pressured Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg through intimidation to appoint Austrian Nazis to key government posts.
4. When Schuschnigg announced a plebiscite on Austrian independence, Hitler demanded its cancellation and forced Schuschnigg's resignation.
5. German troops marched into Austria unopposed on 12th March, 1938, amidst enthusiastic local welcoming.
6. The formal annexation (Anschluss) was proclaimed on 14th March, 1938, absorbing Austria into the German Reich as a direct violation of the Versailles settlement.

Teacher's Note:
a) Contrast the failed 1934 attempt with the successful 1938 annexation.
b) Emphasize Mussolini's changing stance and international inaction.

Question 8.
In the context of the rapid growth of African nationalism and decolonization in Africa, discuss :
(a) Kenya's struggle for freedom under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Kenya was ruled as a British colony with a powerful minority of white settlers controlling prime agricultural land.
2. Jomo Kenyatta emerged as the leader of the Kenya African Union (KAU), demanding political rights and land restoration for Africans.
3. Frustration over land dispossession led to the violent Mau Mau uprising (1952-1960) primarily driven by the Kikuyu people.
4. The British colonial administration declared a state of emergency, arrested Kenyatta in 1952, and imprisoned him after a controversial trial.
5. Intense guerrilla warfare and subsequent political pressure forced the British to lift the emergency and release Kenyatta in 1961.
6. Kenya achieved full independence in December 1963 with Jomo Kenyatta becoming its first Prime Minister.

Teacher's Note:
a) Outline white settler resistance and the Mau Mau uprising.
b) Emphasize Kenyatta's imprisonment and eventual rise to power upon independence.

(b) The initial achievements of Kwame Nkrumah in the field of internal and external affairs of Ghana. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Led Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) to independence in 1957 as the first sub-Saharan African nation to break colonial rule.
2. Organised workers and peasants into a mass movement through the Convention People's Party (CPP).
3. Implemented socialist welfare policies, significantly expanding education, road networks, and health infrastructure.
4. Promoted economic development by boosting cocoa production, expanding forestry and fishing, and constructing the Volta River Dam for hydro-electric power.
5. Maintained Ghana's position within the British Commonwealth while actively promoting Pan-African unity.
6. Played a pioneering role in international anti-colonial forums and helped establish the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Teacher's Note:
a) Highlight Ghana's pioneering independence under Nkrumah.
b) Detail internal infrastructure/economic projects and his Pan-African leadership.

Question 9.
With reference to break-up of the USSR, answer the following questions :
(a) To what extent was the failure of Mikhail Gorbachev's economic reforms responsible for the end of the Soviet Union ? [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Gorbachev's economic reform policy of 'Perestroika' failed to revitalize the stagnant Soviet economy, leading to a sharp drop in national income by 1990-1991.
2. The Law on State Enterprises distorted production incentives, causing factories to produce expensive goods while essential everyday goods faced severe shortages.
3. Price controls and monetary expansion triggered runaway inflation, budget deficits, and endless queues for basic commodities.
4. Workers' dissatisfaction boiled over, leading to massive strikes (such as coal miners' strikes) demanding better living conditions and managerial reforms.
5. By early 1990, a quarter of the population lived below the poverty line, completely eroding public faith in the socialist economic model.
6. Economic collapse directly fueled nationalist separatist movements, culminating in the political disintegration of the USSR.

Teacher's Note:
a) Explain the systemic failures of Perestroika and shortages of consumer goods.
b) Connect economic deprivation directly to political disillusionment and state collapse.

(b) Briefly discuss the coup of August 1991. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Staged by conservative communist hardliners and military leaders (the State Committee on the State of Emergency) led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev.
2. Aimed to halt Gorbachev's radical decentralisation plans and prevent the signing of the New Union Treaty which threatened to dissolve the centralized USSR.
3. Gorbachev was placed under house arrest while vacationing in Crimea.
4. Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian SFSR, emerged as the focal point of resistance, rallying citizens and military units at the Russian White House.
5. The coup collapsed within three days due to popular resistance, lack of unified military backing, and widespread domestic and international condemnation.
6. Accelerated the demise of the Soviet Union, leading to the banning of the Communist Party and swift declarations of independence by constituent republics.

Teacher's Note:
a) Identify the conspirators and their objective to stop the decentralization treaty.
b) Highlight Boris Yeltsin's crucial role in defeating the coup.

Question 10.
Give an account of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa and its transition to black majority rule. [12 Marks]

Answer:
1. Institutionalization of Apartheid by Dr. D.F. Malan's government after 1948, imposing total racial segregation socially, economically, and politically.
2. Systematic denial of voting rights, restriction of movement via Pass Laws, forced ghettoization, and inferior education for the Black majority.
3. Resistance led by the African National Congress (ANC) through defiance campaigns, civil disobedience, and the adoption of the Freedom Charter in 1955.
4. State repression marked by police brutality, the Sharpeville massacre, banning of the ANC, and the life imprisonment of Nelson Mandela in 1964.
5. International solidarity through the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), UN resolutions, sports boycotts (exclusion from Olympics), and economic sanctions.
6. Internal economic crises and international pressure forced Prime Minister P.W. Botha to introduce minor reforms, followed by F.W. de Klerk lifting the ban on the ANC and releasing Nelson Mandela in 1990.
7. Multiracial negotiations led to the drafting of a democratic constitution and the historic 1994 general elections, making Nelson Mandela the first Black President of South Africa.

Teacher's Note:
a) Provide a comprehensive narrative covering the origins of Apartheid and ANC resistance.
b) Conclude with international pressure, Mandela's release, and the peaceful transition to majority rule in 1994.

Question 11.
In the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, discuss the following:
(a) The role of Anwar Sadat in the signing of the Camp David Accord (1979). [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat realized after the 1973 Yom Kippur War that Israel could not be defeated by military force alone.
2. Sought to break the diplomatic stalemate and enlist American mediation to recover Egyptian territory (Sinai Peninsula).
3. Took a historic and courageous step by visiting Jerusalem in November 1977 and addressing the Israeli Knesset directly.
4. Overcame fierce opposition from the PLO and hardline Arab states who viewed the move as betrayal.
5. Engaged in secret negotiations mediated by US President Jimmy Carter at Camp David in 1979.
6. Successfully signed the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in March 1979, resulting in the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Teacher's Note:
a) Emphasize Sadat's strategic shift from war to bilateral diplomacy.
b) Highlight his historic visit to Jerusalem and US mediation under Jimmy Carter.

(b) The circumstances that led to the Oslo Peace Accords (1993), its terms and impact. [6 Marks]

Answer:
1. Circumstances included prolonged Palestinian frustration, the outbreak of the First Intifada (mass uprising in Gaza and West Bank), and heavy-handed Israeli military responses.
2. Election of Yitzhak Rabin as Israeli Prime Minister in 1992 created a favorable political environment for peace talks with PLO leader Yasser Arafat.
3. Terms of the Oslo Accord (September 1993) included mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO, with the PLO renouncing terrorism.
4. Establishment of limited Palestinian self-rule in Jericho and parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip through an elected Palestinian Legislative Council.
5. Agreement on phased withdrawal of Israeli security forces from populated Palestinian areas and release of Palestinian prisoners.
6. Impact included initial global celebration and hope for durable peace, though it faced severe backlash from extremists on both sides, culminating in the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin.

Teacher's Note:
a) Connect the accords to the Intifada and new leadership under Rabin and Arafat.
b) Detail key terms (mutual recognition, limited self-rule) and the mixed long-term impact.