GSEB Class 12 Economics Solutions Chapter 8 Agriculture Sector

1. Choose the correct option for the following questions:

 

Question 1. How much percent population lives in rural area as per 2011 census?
(A) 68.8%
(B) 72%
(C) 60%
(D) 74%
Answer: (A) 68.8%
In simple words: According to the 2011 census, 68.8% of the total population resides in rural areas. This shows that a significant portion of people live outside urban centers.

Exam Tip: Remember specific statistical data like census percentages, as these often appear in multiple-choice questions or short-answer sections.

 

Question 2. How much was the contribution of agriculture in national income of 2011-12?
(A) 53.1%
(B) 42.3%
(C) 13.9%
(D) 59.9%
Answer: (C) 13.9%
In simple words: In the fiscal year 2011-12, the agriculture sector contributed 13.9% to the country's national income. This figure shows its share in the overall economy during that period.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the specific year mentioned in the question when reporting economic contributions, as these numbers change over time.

 

Question 3. How much employment was provided by agriculture in the year 2014-15?
(A) 72%
(B) 49%
(C) 26%
(D) 24%
Answer: (B) 49%
In simple words: During the year 2014-15, the agriculture sector offered jobs to 49% of the total workforce. This indicates that agriculture remained a key source of employment for many people.

Exam Tip: Historical employment figures for sectors like agriculture highlight trends in economic development and labor shifts, so recall these percentages accurately.

 

Question 4. When was NABARD established?
(A) 1947
(B) 1969
(C) 1975
(D) 1982
Answer: (D) 1982
In simple words: NABARD, which stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, was set up in the year 1982 to assist the agriculture sector.

Exam Tip: Know the full forms of important institutions like NABARD and their establishment dates, as they are frequently asked in exams.

 

Question 5. When was the utilization of green revolution applied on overall India?
(A) 1961
(B) 1966
(C) 1969
(D) 1991
Answer: (B) 1966
In simple words: The widespread use of Green Revolution practices began across India in 1966. This marked a major change in the country's farming methods.

Exam Tip: The Green Revolution is a crucial topic in economics and history, so remember its commencement year and key impacts.

 

Question 6. How much is the use of pesticides per hectare in India?
(A) 0.5 kg
(B) 2.5 kg
(C) 6.6 kg
(D) 7 kg
Answer: (A) 0.5 kg
In simple words: In India, the average amount of pesticides used per hectare of farmland is 0.5 kilograms. This figure indicates the current usage rate in the country.

Exam Tip: Be precise with units (e.g., kg, tonnes) when answering questions related to agricultural inputs and outputs.

 

Question 7. Which is the institute of agriculture research?
(A) ICAR
(B) CIBRC
(C) Regional rural banks
(D) RBI
Answer: (A) ICAR
In simple words: ICAR, which stands for Indian Council of Agricultural Research, is the primary body responsible for agricultural research in India.

Exam Tip: Identify key government bodies and their roles in various sectors, especially for topics like agriculture, finance, and trade.

 

2. Answer the following questions in one line:

 

Question 1. When was the second five year plan started?
Answer: The second five year plan began in 1956.
In simple words: The second five-year plan started in 1956.

Exam Tip: For historical questions, accurately recall the specific year or period when important plans or events began.

 

Question 2. How much is the export income of agriculture?
Answer: Agriculture's export income amounted to 188 INR billion in the year 2017.
In simple words: In 2017, agriculture brought in 188 billion INR from exports.

Exam Tip: When answering with numerical data, always include the unit (e.g., INR billion) and the specific year for clarity.

 

Question 3. Give names of methods to collect land revenue under British rule.
Answer: The methods for collecting land revenue during British rule included the Zamindari system, Mahalwari system, and Ryotwari system. These were the main Land Revenue Collection Systems.
In simple words: Under British rule, land revenue was collected using the Zamindari, Mahalwari, and Ryotwari systems.

Exam Tip: Be able to list and briefly explain important historical administrative systems, especially those related to revenue collection.

 

Question 4. Give examples of cash crops.
Answer: Examples of cash crops include cotton, jute, groundnut, oil seeds, and sugarcane.
In simple words: Cotton, jute, groundnut, oil seeds, and sugarcane are examples of cash crops.

Exam Tip: Differentiate between food crops and cash crops and provide specific examples for each category.

 

Question 5. Which corporation was made to store agriculture product?
Answer: The National Warehouse Corporation and State Warehouse Corporation were created to store agricultural products.
In simple words: National and State Warehouse Corporations were set up to store farm goods.

Exam Tip: Know the names of key organizations involved in the storage and distribution of agricultural produce.

 

3. Answer the following questions in brief:

 

Question 1. Explain about factor of population pressure on low productivity of agriculture.
Answer:

• India's large population needs many agricultural products to survive.
• Our large population places significant pressure on the agriculture sector.
• Very high employment in agriculture shows the strain that population puts on farming.
• At the time of independence, 72% of the population was involved in agriculture. This percentage dropped to 58% in 2001-02 and further to 49% in 2013-14.
• Based on these figures, the employment burden on the population has significantly decreased, but it is still quite high when compared to other sectors.

In simple words: India's big population needs a lot of food, which puts pressure on farms. Many people still work in agriculture, showing the ongoing strain. While the percentage of people working in agriculture has decreased over the years, it still remains higher than in other job sectors.

Exam Tip: When discussing population pressure, link it directly to aspects like demand for food, employment rates, and the impact on resource utilization in agriculture.

 

Question 2. Explain about agriculture credit to improve agriculture productivity.
Answer: The government took the following steps to boost agricultural productivity:
(I) Institutional measures:
The government has taken several institutional steps under its five-year plans. These are:
1. Land reforms:

• Government created laws to end the Zamindari system. This move helped protect farmers from exploitation and allowed them to get land ownership.
• These reforms also help farmers keep a larger share of their crops for selling, unlike in the Zamindari system.
• As a result, farmers have become more encouraged to increase agricultural productivity and overall production.

2. Availability of institutional credit:

• India set up nationalized banks to give credit and other money services to farmers.
• In 1982, India set up the 'National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)' under the RBI, with the main goal of funding the agriculture sector.
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Land Development Banks (LDBs) were also set up under NABARD.
• All these institutions offer affordable credit in enough amounts to Indian farmers. This has helped to increase agricultural productivity.

In simple words: The government made big changes to help farms grow more. They ended the old Zamindari system so farmers could own their land and keep more crops, making them want to produce more. They also started many banks, like NABARD, to give farmers easy and cheap loans for farming, which has really helped increase farm output.

Exam Tip: When detailing measures for agricultural improvement, categorize them (e.g., institutional, technological) and explain how each contributes to productivity. Mentioning specific organizations like NABARD adds value.

 

Question 3. Why is India known as agriculture oriented economy?
Answer:

• India has always been an agricultural nation since ancient times.
• Even today, India highly relies on its agriculture for feeding its people, giving them jobs, and also generating export earnings.
• India is a country with a dense and large population. Therefore, agricultural products are widely used to feed the large population and as raw materials in agro-based industries.
• Moreover, 68.8%, which is almost 70% of the Indian population, still lives in rural areas. This population largely depends on agriculture.
• So, we can say that agriculture is the backbone of India, and the Indian economy focuses on agriculture.

In simple words: India has been a farming country for a very long time. Even now, most people depend on agriculture for food, jobs, and income from selling goods to other countries. Because many people live in villages and use farm products for food and factories, agriculture is like the main support for India's economy.

Exam Tip: Support your answer with facts and figures (like population percentages) to demonstrate India's dependence on agriculture. Highlight its roles in food security, employment, and raw material supply.

 

Question 4. Explain role of agriculture to improve life standard of people.
Answer:

• India mainly produces two kinds of crops:
  1. Food grains and
  2. Cash crops.
• India also takes part in producing vegetables, fruits, flowers, and more.
• All these agricultural products have increased how much people use them and the earnings of those involved in their production, processing, and consumption.
• Today, people are using many more agricultural products than ever before. All these factors have boosted the standard of living for people.
• In 1951, an average Indian consumed 395 grams of food grains daily. This amount went up to 511 grams by 2013.

In simple words: India grows many different crops like food grains, cash crops, vegetables, and fruits. This wider range of farm products has increased both their use and the money people make from farming, processing, and selling them. As a result, people now use more farm products and their overall living standards have improved, with more food available per person than before.

Exam Tip: When discussing the role of agriculture in improving living standards, include aspects like increased food availability, diversification of agricultural products, and income generation for those involved in the sector.

 

Question 5. State different names of Green Revolution.
Answer: The Green Revolution is also known by other names such as 'High Yielding Varieties Program (HYVP)', 'Modern Agricultural Technology Program', and 'Programme of Seeds, Fertilizer, and Water Technology'.
In simple words: The Green Revolution is also called the 'High Yielding Varieties Program' (HYVP), the 'Modern Agricultural Technology Program,' or the 'Programme of Seeds, Fertilizer, and Water Technology.'

Exam Tip: Be familiar with alternative names or terminologies for key historical and economic events, as they might be used interchangeably in questions.

 

4. Give answers to the point for the following questions:

 

Question 1. Explain crop rotation.
Answer: Crop protection:
1. Pesticides keep crops safe from various diseases, weeds, insects, and even animals like cattle and birds.
2. Therefore, it is important to spray pesticides in the right amounts to save crops and boost agricultural productivity.
3. Compared to other nations, India uses a very small amount of pesticides per hectare.
4. According to the economic survey of 2015-16, India uses 0.5 kg of pesticide per hectare. In contrast, countries like America use 7.0 kg, Europe uses 2.5 kg, Japan uses 12 kg, and Korea uses 6.6 kg of pesticides.
5. The low use of pesticides is the reason for 15 to 25% spoilage of crops in India.
6. Indian farmers are not aware of the proper way to use pesticides. Some farmers use very few pesticides, while others use very large quantities. They also use poor-quality pesticides, which harm crop health and productivity.
7. Improper and uncontrolled use of pesticides in India creates a great risk to people's health and also to the environment.
8. To solve this issue, the government has set up the 'Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC)' to give Indian farmers information about different types of pesticides and their toxicity levels.
9. CIBRS also publishes various booklets to guide farmers. These booklets explain the right quantity of pesticides, the best time to use them, and their level of poison.
10. It is extremely important to ensure that pesticides are environmentally friendly. While pesticides should be effective, they should also be less toxic and more affordable. Cheap but good-quality pesticides will encourage small and marginal farmers to use them, thereby increasing agricultural productivity.In simple words: Crop rotation is about changing what crops you grow in a field each season to keep the soil healthy. This question, however, focuses on crop protection using pesticides. Pesticides are important to save crops from pests and diseases, and using the right amount helps farms produce more. India uses very little pesticide compared to other countries, which leads to a lot of crop damage. Many Indian farmers don't know how to use pesticides correctly, sometimes using too little or too much, or using bad quality ones. This bad usage harms both health and the environment. To fix this, the government created a committee (CIBRC) and publishes guides to teach farmers how to use pesticides safely and effectively, stressing the need for eco-friendly, effective, and cheap options to help boost farm output.

Exam Tip: When a question asks to "explain crop rotation" but the answer details pesticide use, address both. In an actual exam, you would clarify the discrepancy. For this exercise, focus on rendering the provided content while noting the topic shift. Detail the role of pesticides, comparing India's usage with other countries, and highlight government initiatives to improve pesticide management.

 

Question 2. What is Green Revolution?
Answer:

• India started the 'High Yielding Varieties Program (HYVP)' to modernize Indian farming. This program was also known as the 'Green Revolution'.
• Other names for the Green Revolution include 'Modern Agricultural Technology Program' and 'Programme of Seeds, Fertilizer, and Water Technology'.

In simple words: The Green Revolution was India's plan to make farming modern by using better seeds, fertilizers, and water methods. It was also called the High Yielding Varieties Program or Modern Agricultural Technology Program.

Exam Tip: Define the Green Revolution by its core objective (modernizing farming) and mention its key components (HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation) and alternative names.

 

Question 3. Discuss about agricultural research.
Answer:

• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the main institution that conducts agricultural research at the national level.
• ICAR also offers a platform for research and provides sufficient help for performing research.
• Beyond agriculture, ICAR also spreads awareness for related agricultural activities like horticulture, fisheries, cattle rearing, and dairy science.
• ICAR has played a significant role in the success of the Green Revolution.
• It has also made many efforts to make sure that enough food and nutrition are available to Indians.
• Apart from ICAR, NABARD also carries out several programs and events and funds research for agriculture and rural development.
• NABARD conducts many studies, and based on the results, it gives knowledge and training to farmers to boost and improve their crops.

In simple words: Agricultural research in India is mainly done by ICAR, which helps with studies and spreads knowledge about farming, animal care, and dairy. ICAR greatly helped the Green Revolution and works to ensure everyone gets enough food. NABARD also funds and conducts research, providing training to farmers to help them grow better crops.

Exam Tip: When discussing agricultural research, highlight the roles of key institutions like ICAR and NABARD, and explain their contributions to innovation, knowledge dissemination, and overall agricultural development.

 

Question 4. Discuss any three factors/matters/points to prove importance of agriculture.
Answer: Present scenario of agricultural sector in India:

• Agriculture remains one of India's most important occupations.
• After independence, India overlooked the agriculture sector and gave importance only to the industrial sector. As a result, agriculture suffered, and we can still see the effects today.
• Currently, agriculture contributes significantly to employment, production, and export income compared to the past. However, this situation is again changing.
• Even though the agriculture sector is the most useful sector for offering jobs, it contributes the least to total revenue (National Income) compared to other parts of the economy.

1. Contribution in national income:

• According to the economic survey of 2011-12, in 1950-51, the agriculture sector's contribution to national income (GDP) was 53.1%.
• This has constantly decreased due to a greater focus on industries and less on agriculture.
• In the year 2011-12, it went down to as low as 13.9% (at constant prices).
• The rapid growth of other sectors, namely industry and services, is one of the main reasons for the much-reduced contribution of agriculture.

2. Employment generation:

• Even though agriculture's contribution to GDP is smaller, it offers the most jobs to people compared to other sectors.
• At the time of independence, 72% of the population was engaged in agriculture and related activities. After independence, the industry and service sectors grew quite fast, which reduced people's dependence on agriculture for jobs.
• For example, in 2001-02, agriculture provided jobs to 58% of people, which then dropped to 49% by 2014-15.

3. Export income:

• We export our agricultural products to various countries. This activity brings us foreign exchange.
• The foreign exchange earned helps to purchase goods that India does not produce but needs for its economic growth.

4. Standard of living:

• India produces a variety of agricultural products.
• All these agricultural products have increased how much people use them and the incomes of people involved in their production, processing, and consumption.
• Today, people are using many more agricultural products than ever before. All these factors have boosted the standard of living for people.
• In 1951, an average Indian consumed 395 grams of food grains daily. This amount went up to 511 grams by 2013.

5. Growth of agriculture production:Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India-2015

• Our overall agricultural production has significantly increased. This can be seen in the table.
• Comparing the production of 1950-51 with 2013-14, we can observe that production has grown several times.
• Although the population has also increased over these years, it is important to note that the rise in production became possible due to an increase in cultivated land and improved per-hectare productivity.

6. Base for industrial development:

• Industries get raw materials from agriculture so they can process, produce, and help the national economy.
• These industries also sell manufactured goods in rural areas because nearly 69-70% of people live in villages.
• Agriculture is a source of income and employment for a very large rural population.
• With the growth in agricultural and other sectors, rural residents are now demanding products such as televisions, refrigerators, motorcycles, mobile phones, and air conditioners.
• This has boosted industrial production, consumption, and the economy as well.

In simple words: Agriculture is very important for India, even though it contributes less to the national income now than before. It still provides the most jobs, helping many people earn a living, although this number is also decreasing. Agricultural exports bring in foreign money, which helps India buy necessary goods. Growing many types of crops has improved people's living standards, with more food available per person now. The total farm production has increased greatly over the years, partly due to more land being farmed and better output from each hectare. Lastly, agriculture supplies raw materials for industries and creates demand for manufactured goods in rural areas, boosting both production and the economy.

Exam Tip: When proving the importance of agriculture, structure your answer around key contributions like national income, employment, exports, living standards, production growth, and industrial linkage. Support each point with relevant data or examples if available.

 

Question 2. Discuss the reasons for low productivity in Indian agriculture.
Answer: Although India is an agriculture-based nation, it faces several problems related to farming. Agricultural productivity refers to the output per hectare of cultivated land. We can also understand farm output by checking the income earned per hectare of produce.
Reasons for low agriculture productivity can be sorted into three main types:
(I) Institutional factors,
(II) Technological factors and
(III) Other factors
(I) Institutional factors for low agricultural productivity:
The physical, social, economic, and legal elements that impact farming are known as institutional factors. These elements are not very favorable for farmers. As a result, agricultural growth and productivity are low in India. The institutional factors stayed negative for farming, so agriculture productivity remained low. These factors are explained below.
1. Land Revenue Collection Systems:
Even after India gained independence, three Land Revenue Collection Systems — Zamindari system, Mahalwari system, and Ryotwari system — were present in India. The land tenants and landless laborers used to cultivate land under these systems. Under these systems, landlords would forcibly take most of the crops produced from the laborers or tenants as rent. As a result, farmers had no incentive to boost production. So, neither individual output nor national output increased.
2. Agriculture finance:
Most Indian farmers are poor. They borrow money to purchase fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, and other necessities. After independence, private moneylenders were one of the easiest and main sources for getting farm loans. However, these lenders charged very high interest rates on the money lent. According to one source, in 1951, about 71.6% of agriculture finance business was controlled by moneylenders. This issue was somewhat resolved when the government created nationalized banks, regional rural banks in 1975, and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in 1982. Despite these efforts, only 27% of finance remained in the hands of moneylenders, with agriculture credit institutions handling the rest.
3. Lack of agriculture marketing:
Infrastructural facilities like proper roads and bridges are not well-developed in remote Indian villages. Consequently, produce from these villages cannot easily reach agricultural markets. Often, most of the profit goes to agents, traders, and hoarders, not to the farmers. Local moneylenders and brokers compel indebted farmers to sell their crops at low rates before they are fully grown. Furthermore, farmers are uneducated and uninformed about market knowledge, market rates, and selling procedures.
4. Rural social structure:
Indian farmers are fatalistic and possess minimal information about government policies, frameworks, benefits, and markets. Indian rural society is bound by old traditions and an orthodox structure. These individuals believe that God has given them a life full of problems and that they must live with it. Consequently, they practice minimal farming and lack any motivation to increase cultivation and income.
(II) Technology factors:
In India, most farming is still done with traditional, older technology. Outdated and worn-out equipment, old ideas, and less mechanization all reduce agricultural productivity. Farmers also use traditional seeds instead of modern hybrid seeds, which could give higher yields. Many farmers use traditional manure, such as cow dung, instead of chemical fertilizers. This also decreases productivity. Indian farmers do not use enough pesticides. As a result, crops get diseases, and productivity suffers.
(III) Other factors:
1. Population pressure:
Our large population places significant pressure on the agriculture sector. The very high employment in agriculture shows the pressure that population places on farming. At the time of independence, 72% of the population was involved in agriculture. This percentage fell to 58% in 2001-02 and 49% in 2013-14. As these figures show, the burden on the population for employment has greatly reduced, but it is still quite high compared to other sectors.
2. Lack of economic planning:
India gave greater importance to agriculture during the first five-year plan. However, from the second five-year plan onwards, India began focusing on industries rather than agriculture. India did not invest the same efforts, time, and money in the agriculture sector as it did in industries. In other words, economic planning overlooked agriculture. Hence, agriculture suffered immensely.
In simple words: Low farm output in India is due to old land systems, poor access to loans, bad market access, old social customs, outdated technology, too many people depending on farming, and a lack of proper economic planning for agriculture.

Exam Tip: When discussing reasons for low productivity, categorize your points (e.g., institutional, technological, social) to show a structured understanding of the problem.

 

Question 3. State measures to improve productivity in agriculture.
Answer: The government has taken the following actions to boost agricultural productivity:
(I) Institutional measures:
The government has implemented several institutional actions under its five-year plans. These are:
1. Land reforms:
The government passed laws to abolish the Zamindari system. This move protected tillers from exploitation and helped them gain land ownership. These reforms allow farmers to keep a larger share of their crops for selling, unlike in the Zamindari system. Consequently, farmers have been motivated to increase farm output and overall production.
2. Availability of institutional credit:
India established nationalized banks to offer credit and other financial services to farmers. In 1982, India founded the 'National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)' under the RBI, with the main goal of funding the agriculture sector. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Land Development Banks (LDBs) were also set up under NABARD. All these institutions provide affordable credit in sufficient amounts to Indian farmers. This has helped to increase agricultural productivity.
3. Improvement in the structure of agriculture marketing:
The government has taken the following steps to enhance the agriculture marketing structure:
Regulated markets have been set up. 'AGMARK (Agriculture Marketing)' was introduced to classify agricultural produce based on its quality. National warehouse corporations and state warehouse corporations have been established to store farmers' agricultural produce. A system has been created to provide farmers with information about agricultural produce prices. To protect farmers from market price changes, the government announces minimum prices below which produce cannot be sold.
4. Agriculture research:
Indian farmers are largely uneducated and lack sufficient capital to conduct experiments and research in their fields. So, NABARD has taken on this task. Although NABARD is a leading financial institution for providing credit to the agricultural sector, it also conducts several programs and events, and funds research for agriculture and rural growth. NABARD performs many studies, and based on the results, it gives knowledge and training to farmers to enhance and improve their crops. This helps farmers to move away from traditional farming methods and adopt new scientific techniques. Farmers then earn higher income and can also meet the nation's increasing demand. Furthermore, to involve farmers in agricultural reforms, collective rural development programs, Panchayati Raj, Integrated Rural Development Programs, Jandhan Yojana, and other initiatives have been launched. By participating in these programs, farmers can modernize agriculture and increase their farm output.
(II) Technological measures:
Institutional measures require significant structural changes compared to technological measures. Therefore, implementing technological measures is simpler.
The government has taken the following technical actions:
1. Improved seeds:
Seeds developed through scientific research are called improved seeds (hybrid seeds). These scientifically developed seeds yield more and faster production and also protect crops against diseases. India has significantly boosted its production using these seeds. Due to this exceptional growth in food grains, the 'Agriculture Revolution' is also known as the 'Seed Revolution'. The National Agriculture Research Committee, National Seed Corporation, and agriculture universities prioritized developing hybrid seeds as a way to increase agricultural output.
2. Use of chemical fertilizers:
The use of chemical fertilizer increased with the use of improved seeds in India. Chemical-based fertilizers give necessary nutrients to plants and help them grow quickly. Thus, chemical fertilizers have proven very beneficial for boosting agricultural productivity. Nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and other chemicals are used according to the crop. India has also set up public sector units like IFFCO to produce chemical fertilizers. The government also imports and distributes fertilizers at subsidized rates.
3. Increase in irrigation facility:
Rain is the primary source of irrigation for Indian agriculture. However, rainfall is quite unpredictable in India, which badly affects agricultural production and productivity. A systematic and well-established irrigation system is essential to solve this problem. A well-established irrigation system can help to regulate production and also boost productivity. Hence, the government has undertaken various developmental programs in the irrigation sector. The government has also set up an 'Infrastructural development fund' for this purpose. NABARD has been given the responsibility to complete unfinished irrigation projects and to create other irrigation facilities.
4. Use of machines:
The government has encouraged the use of various types of machines that can increase the speed of agricultural production. With the development of the engineering and automobile sector, equipment and vehicles such as tractors, trailers, threshers, electric pump sets, oil engines, and pesticide sprinkler pumps have been created. These machines are very helpful for growing more than one crop a year, saving crops, increasing production speed, and boosting productivity.
5. Pesticides:
The government encourages using pesticides to protect crops from various diseases. The use of pesticides helps reduce loss and waste caused by diseased crops. Their use thus helps to improve agricultural productivity.
6. Soil testing:
By testing the soil, farmers can discover its properties and whether it is suitable for a particular crop. It also helps in knowing which minerals the soil lacks and what type of fertilizer it needs. Thus, soil testing is an effective way to improve and maintain productivity. The government assists farmers in getting their soil tested. It also advises them on how to care for the soil to maintain its quality.
(III) Other measures:
To boost agricultural productivity, farmers should be educated. They should be well-informed about new technologies in agriculture. They should also be made aware of harmful village customs so they become optimistic about farming. Agricultural fairs and events should be organized to guide farmers about increasing agricultural productivity. Farmers should be informed about agriculture-related activities like cattle rearing, poultry farming, food processing, and forest farming so they don't depend solely on agriculture for their income. Small-scale agro-industries should be expanded in rural areas to support agriculture.
In simple words: To make agriculture better, the government is doing many things. They are fixing land laws, giving easy loans, improving how crops are sold, supporting farm research, using better seeds and fertilizers, improving irrigation, and encouraging modern machines. They also teach farmers, hold farm fairs, and promote soil testing to help boost production.

Exam Tip: When listing measures, group them logically (e.g., institutional, technological) and provide specific examples for each to demonstrate comprehensive knowledge.