GSEB Class 12 English Solutions Unit 10 Read 1 Green Charter

Comprehension

Question 1. Which are the three most important suggestions from the text according to you? Give reasons for each.
Answer: Climate change and global warming are very serious issues that negatively affect our environment. To help restore the global environment, three key suggestions are:

(1) Smart water use: Water is a scarce and valuable resource. In the future, there will be serious shortages. It is crucial to manage water usage. We must learn to adjust to tougher water shortages when they happen.
(2) Change electricity use: We get electricity from sources that are limited. Hydroelectricity uses water, and nuclear power uses uranium; both are scarce. So, we need to rethink how we use electricity.
(3) Compost household waste: To help the environment, household waste should be composted separately. Wet waste and dry waste should be managed differently. This can create useful manure and keep our surroundings clean. If cleanliness is not kept up, it will harm the environment.
In simple words: The three main ways to help the environment are to use water wisely, change how we use electricity, and compost household waste. These steps are important because our planet is facing big problems like climate change and resource shortages.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing suggestions, make sure to provide a clear reason for each point, explaining its importance for environmental restoration.

 

Question 2. Make list of words / phrases which are positive and negative for environment.
Answer:

Positive for environment	Negative for environment
1. Instead of leaving all on government to solve environment problems, we should contribute our bit to it.	1. Climatic changes and global warmings can lead to calamitous consequences.
2. Individuals should adopt responsible lifestyle.	2. Emission of CO2 create terrible problems.
3. We have to find a reasonable way to save our planet.	3. GHGs caused by an organization, event, product or persons.
4. We have to reduce the emissions of CO2.	4. GHGs are emitted through transport, land clearance, production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, etc.
5. Develop alternative sources of energy other than fossil fuel-derived energy.	5. Emissions of GHGs cannot be reduced to zero.
6. Try to counterbalance the emissions of CO2.	6. It is undeniable that CO2 emissions from economic activities will continue and perhaps escalate.

In simple words: We can help the environment by acting responsibly and reducing harmful emissions. Things like climate change and pollution cause big problems for the planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: When categorizing positive and negative impacts, ensure each point is distinct and clearly falls under the correct category to demonstrate understanding.

 

Question 3. In suggestion no. 18, there is a discussion about the use of water. Can you find anybody in your surrounding who follows many or most of the suggestions? Tell your class about him / her.
Answer: My neighbor, Champaklal, follows many of the suggestions for saving water. He also sets a good example to raise awareness among others.

He uses a mug for shaving instead of letting the tap run. He uses his washing machine only once a week, after collecting all clothes over several days. For cleaning floors, he uses a swab-cloth instead of washing the floor with lots of water.
In simple words: My neighbor, Champaklal, is good at saving water. He uses a mug for shaving, washes clothes once a week, and cleans floors with a damp cloth instead of excess water. He sets an example for others.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on specific, actionable examples of water conservation habits to illustrate the answer clearly.

 

Question 4. Here are some suggestions. Consider whether they are easily applicable, tough to apply or mostly impossible. Write E (Easy) / T (Tough) /I (Impossible) for each.
Answer:

(1) Solar water heater [T]
(2) Washing clothes 2-3 times a week [E]
(3) Water harvesting [T]
(4) Using battery driven vehicles [E]
(5) Solar mobile phone charger [T]
(6) Solar lights and fans [T]
(7) Maximum use of bicycle [T]
(8) Cleaning car with a wet cloth. [E]
In simple words: Some suggestions like washing clothes less often or cleaning a car with a wet cloth are easy to do. Others, like installing solar heaters or using battery-driven vehicles, are harder because they cost more or need more effort.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide clear and concise labels (E, T, I) for each suggestion based on its practicality, reflecting a balanced understanding.

 

Question 5. How would you apply these terms in your own life? Give one example of each.
Answer:

R's	Example	Practice / Idea
Recycle	Make cards from old paper/Remains of food should be composted to produce manure.	I have a small garden where I dug a pit. All wet-waste is put there and covered to make manure.
Reduce	Use half sheet of paper instead of full to write a note.	When I write a short note, I often use only half a page and save the other half.
Reuse	Use the blank side of printed papers and leaflets.	I use the blank side of printed papers to practice Math or Science problems.
Repair	Repair old watch and use it.	If an old watch breaks, I get it fixed instead of throwing it away.
Reclaim	Take out a toy from the scrap and use its motor for your project.	I keep motors from broken toys to use for teacher-assigned projects.
Restore	Color old tins, swings, etc. to take them in use.	I paint old tins and use them as plant pots for flowers.

In simple words: The "R's" like Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Reclaim, and Restore help us manage resources better. By practicing these, we can turn waste into useful items, save paper, fix broken things, and find new purposes for old materials, which is good for the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Ensure that the "Practice / Idea" examples are personal, specific, and clearly demonstrate the application of each 'R' principle in daily life.

 

Question 6. Give your arguments for or against these statements. (Support your argument with 'how' and 'why'.)

 

Question 1. We do not need to wait for governments alone to find solutions to these terrible problems.
Answer: Climate change and global warming are serious issues that can have tragic results. It is not just the government's job, but every citizen's duty to help solve these problems. Each person needs to adapt their lifestyle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This way, we can save our planet before it is too late.
In simple words: Saving the planet is everyone's job, not just the government's. We all need to change how we live to reduce pollution and help solve climate change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the collective responsibility of citizens, not just governments, in addressing environmental issues for a comprehensive answer.

 

Question 2. considerable CO2 emissions from economic activity in the globe will continue and perhaps escalate over the foreseeable future.
Answer: Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released from transportation, clearing land, and making/consuming food, fuels, and goods. Individuals control these actions. If we do not act, emissions will rise, which will harm human life.
In simple words: Factories, cars, and other human activities release a lot of CO2, and this pollution will likely get worse. If we don't change, it will harm people and the planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link economic activities directly to CO2 emissions and explain the individual's role in influencing these emissions.

 

Question 3. Pamphlets for advertisements should be controlled.
Answer: Paper is made from many trees. Using more paper harms forests, which leads to an ecological imbalance.
In simple words: We should use fewer advertising pamphlets. Making paper uses many trees, and cutting down too many trees harms nature.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly connect the use of paper pamphlets to deforestation and its impact on ecological balance.

 

Question 4. Use of plastic should be banned.
Answer: Biodegradable plastics are better for the environment than regular plastics. Plastic waste causes a lot of harm. This damage can be prevented if plastic waste is used in other ways.
In simple words: Banning plastic is good because normal plastic harms the environment. Biodegradable plastic is a better choice, or we can find new ways to reuse plastic waste.

🎯 Exam Tip: Discuss both the negative impact of conventional plastics and the potential for alternative uses or materials (like biodegradable plastics) to provide a nuanced answer.

 

7. Answer the following questions:

 

Question 1. Do you use e-books? How does it affect environment?
Answer: Yes, I like e-books. They help save paper and reduce fuel waste because they don't need to be physically transported.
In simple words: E-books are good for the environment because they save paper and reduce the need for transportation, which means less fuel is used.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the specific environmental benefits of e-books, such as saving paper and reducing fuel consumption from transportation.

 

Question 2. How many trees have you planted so far?
Answer: I have planted at least ten trees.
In simple words: I have planted at least ten trees.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep the answer simple and direct as it's a personal experience question.

 

Question 3. What is carbon footprint?
Answer: A carbon footprint is the total CO2 emissions. It is a part of the overall ecological footprint. It includes all greenhouse gas emissions caused by a company, event, product, or person.
In simple words: A carbon footprint shows how much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the air because of what a person, company, or product does. It's a measure of our impact on the environment.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define carbon footprint clearly as total greenhouse gas emissions and explain its relation to the ecological footprint.

 

Question 4. What are the causes of GHG?
Answer: Greenhouse gases (GHG) are caused by transport, land clearing, and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, and services.
In simple words: Greenhouse gases come from many human activities like driving cars, clearing land, making goods, and using energy for homes and industries.

🎯 Exam Tip: List a variety of human activities and industrial processes that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

 

(A) Additional Questions And Answers

Answer the following questions:

 

Question 1. What does the writer say about Climate change and Global warming? What are our duties in this regard?
Answer: The writer states that climate change and global warming are very serious and urgent problems that can lead to disastrous outcomes. He believes that we should not simply wait for governments to find solutions. Each individual has an important role by adopting a more responsible way of life. We should start with small, daily "Dos and Don'ts." This is the only sensible way to protect our planet before it's too late.
In simple words: Climate change and global warming are big problems. We shouldn't just wait for the government to fix them; everyone must help by making small, good choices every day to save the planet.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight both the urgency of the problem and the individual's direct responsibility and capacity to contribute to solutions.

 

Question 2. What does the writer say about judicious and calibrated use of water?
Answer: The writer explains that the wise and measured use of water is essential right now. Every action related to water use should be carefully planned. Water is a limited and valuable resource. We will face more severe scarcity in the coming decades. Simple methods can be adopted and become part of our daily routine to manage our lives. For example, using a mug for shaving instead of a running tap, washing clothes only once or twice a week, and using a wet cloth for cleaning floors instead of washing them, can all save water.
In simple words: The writer stresses that using water wisely is very important because it's scarce and will be even scarcer soon. Simple habits like using less water for shaving or cleaning can help save this precious resource.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide practical examples of judicious water use to support the explanation, demonstrating concrete applications of the concept.

 

Question 3. Three more 'R's – Explain.
Answer: The writer suggests adding three more 'R's – 'Repair', 'Reclaim', and 'Restore' – to the three traditional ones: 'Recycle', 'Reduce', and 'Reuse'. Instead of discarding old electronic watches, toys, and similar items, we should repair and reuse them. These six 'R's should become popular terms for future decades until we successfully restore the global environment.
In simple words: The writer suggests adding 'Repair', 'Reclaim', and 'Restore' to the existing 'Recycle', 'Reduce', and 'Reuse' rules. This means we should fix old items instead of throwing them away. These six principles are important for helping the environment get back to normal.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly define and explain each of the "three more R's" and how they complement the conventional ones to restore the global environment.

 

(B) Short Note

Write a short note focussing on the questions:

Green Charter / Measures to control / restrain Global Warming

• What to do to restrain Global Warming?
• What are Dos and Don'ts?
• Reducing Carbon Footprints.
• How can we save paper, electricity and water?
• What are the alternatives?
• Do we require to bring about changes in our ways of using things?
• What are Six 'R's to restore global environment?
• What is ecological wisdom? What should humans learn?

Answer: In the future, we will face serious problems due to ongoing climate change and global warming. We can manage this worsening situation by following certain "Dos and Don'ts." It is crucial to reduce CO2 emissions and carbon footprints. Greenhouse gases from transportation, fuels, and manufactured goods should be decreased. We should use solar energy instead of electricity. We can reduce paper use by using e-devices. Energy-efficient devices like air-conditioners, ovens, and refrigerators should replace older models. LED lights save a lot of electricity. Battery-powered transport should be preferred. We should choose walking, cycling, or public transport. We need to change our electricity habits. We should shop smartly, buying recycled paper products and biodegradable plastics over conventional ones. Water should be used wisely and saved by changing our methods. Forests must be protected, and barren land should be used to grow bio-fuel crops. Household wet-waste should be composted separately. The three conventional 'R's – Recycle, Reduce, and Reuse – should be combined with three more 'R's for water: Repair, Reclaim, and Restore. We must adopt this ecological wisdom, which requires humans to live within the Earth's natural resource limits.
In simple words: To stop global warming, we need to make small changes every day. This includes using less carbon, saving electricity and water, using solar power, choosing eco-friendly transport, fixing old things, and composting waste. We must learn to live within Earth's limits.

🎯 Exam Tip: A good short note should systematically address each bullet point, offering practical and comprehensive solutions for restraining global warming.

 

(C) Reading Comprehension

Read the following extracts and answer the questions:

 

(1) It is important for all of us to think in terms of first reducing our emissions of CO2 or Carbon Footprints. The carbon footprint is a subset of the ecological footprint.

A carbon footprint is the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person. Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land clearance, and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, and services.

Questions:

(1) What is the carbon footprint?
Answer: The carbon footprint is a part of the ecological footprint. It represents all greenhouse gas emissions from an organization, event, product, or individual.
In simple words: A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases released by a person, company, or product. It's like a measure of their environmental impact.

🎯 Exam Tip: Define carbon footprint concisely and mention its relationship to the ecological footprint for a complete understanding.

 

(2) How is GHG emitted?
Answer: Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released through activities like transportation, clearing land, and making/consuming food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, and services.
In simple words: Greenhouse gases come from things like driving cars, cutting down trees, making food and products, and building houses.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide diverse examples of activities that lead to GHG emissions to illustrate the widespread causes.

 

OR

Questions:

(1) What important step should be taken first?
Answer: First, we must focus on how to reduce our CO2 emissions or carbon footprints.
In simple words: The first important step is to figure out how to lower the amount of carbon dioxide we release.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize the priority of reducing carbon emissions as the initial and crucial action.

 

(2) Who emits greenhouse gas?
Answer: Greenhouse gases are emitted by organizations, events, products, or individuals.
In simple words: Greenhouse gases are released by everyone and everything, including people, companies, events, and the products we use.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clarify that GHG emissions are a result of actions by both individuals and collective entities (organizations, events, products).

 

(2) It is often seen that pamphlets are printed in large numbers and indiscriminately distributed to all and sundry without any regard to their relevance to the recipients. Later on these trash papers lie discarded on streets, leaving an enormous burden of carbon footprint. Printing of pamphlets should be regulated and disseminated to concerned individuals only.

Questions:

(1) How are pamphlets distributed?
Answer: Pamphlets are printed in large quantities and handed out randomly to everyone, regardless of whether the information is relevant to them.
In simple words: Pamphlets are printed a lot and given to many people without checking if they need or want the information.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the aspects of quantity and lack of targeting in the distribution process.

 

(2) What suggestion is given regarding the pamphlets?
Answer: Pamphlets are often found discarded on streets, contributing significantly to the carbon footprint. Therefore, their printing should be controlled, and they should only be distributed to relevant individuals.
In simple words: It is suggested that printing pamphlets should be controlled, and they should only be given to people who truly need the information, because they often end up as litter.

🎯 Exam Tip: Highlight the environmental burden of discarded pamphlets and the proposed solution of regulated and targeted distribution.

 

(3) We should re-orient (change the focus of) our electricity consumption habits both at home and office. For instance, we should switch off fan, cooler, or AC whenever not required or not in use. Generally, people are careless at offices. Lights can be seen on even at unwarranted places or hours. Houses and offices should be constructed to receive natural sunlight, obviating (avoiding) use of lamps in the daytime.

Questions:

(1) How can we re-orient our electricity consumption habits?
Answer: We can change our electricity usage habits at home and work. We should turn off fans, coolers, or ACs when they are not needed or not in use.
In simple words: We can change our electricity habits by turning off fans, coolers, or ACs when we don't need them, both at home and in the office.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on simple, direct actions like switching off appliances when not in use as key habit changes.

 

(2) How should houses and offices be constructed?
Answer: Houses and offices should be built to allow natural sunlight, so there is no need to use lamps during the day.
In simple words: Buildings should be designed to let in natural light, reducing the need for electric lights during the day.

🎯 Exam Tip: Emphasize architectural design that maximizes natural light to reduce daytime electricity consumption.

 

(4) Imbibe three more R's with respect to water, viz. ‘Repair', 'Reclaim' and 'Restore' in addition to the three conventional ones – Recycle, Reduce and Re-use. We easily throw away old electronic watches and toys, etc.

We should repair and use them. If an old bicycle lays unused, instead of buying new one, the old one should be cleaned, oiled, serviced and restored. These six R's should be the buzzwords for the coming decades until we restore global environment back on its original track.

Questions:

(1) Which three 'R's with respect to water are suggested?
Answer: Three new 'R's suggested for water are 'Repair', 'Reclaim', and 'Restore'. These are in addition to the traditional 'Recycle', 'Reduce', and 'Reuse'.
In simple words: Besides recycling, reducing, and reusing, we should also 'Repair', 'Reclaim', and 'Restore' items, especially when it comes to water use.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly list the three new 'R's and briefly mention their addition to the conventional ones.

 

(2) How can we restore global environment back on its original track? Illustrate.
Answer: We can restore the global environment by repairing and reusing old items like electronic watches, toys, or bicycles instead of throwing them away. Embracing all six 'R's – Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Reclaim, and Restore – can help bring the environment back to its original state.
In simple words: We can fix the environment by repairing and reusing old things like watches and bikes instead of throwing them away. Using all six 'R's (Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Reclaim, Restore) helps bring our planet back to health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use concrete examples like repairing old watches or bicycles to illustrate how applying the 'R's contributes to environmental restoration.

 

(5) Use of bicycle should be made popular. We should observe 'cycle day' once in a month and on that day cycle riding alone should be allowed barring emergencies. People used to go for their daily chores on cycle in old times. Why can't we do the same today? In recreational trips, we can opt for bicycle instead of car or motorbike.

Questions:

(1) How should the use of bicycle be made popular?
Answer: To popularize bicycles, a 'Cycle Day' should be held once a month. On this day, only cycling should be allowed, except for emergencies. People should use bicycles for daily tasks and recreational trips instead of cars or motorbikes, just like in old times.
In simple words: To make cycling popular, we should have a 'Cycle Day' once a month where only bikes are allowed. We should also use bikes for daily tasks and fun trips, like people did long ago.

🎯 Exam Tip: Suggest specific promotional activities like a 'Cycle Day' and highlight historical use cases to make the argument stronger.

 

(2) Find out the word from the extract that means 'done for pleasure or relaxation'.
Answer: (2) recreational
In simple words: The word that means 'done for pleasure or relaxation' in the text is "recreational".

🎯 Exam Tip: For vocabulary questions, directly identify the word from the text that matches the given definition.

 

(6) Forests should be protected and conserved by one and all. Forests store huge quantity of carbon, and so play a critical role in carbon control. Household wet-waste should be composted separately. Post made for receiving such waste could be purchased from the market.

Questions:

(1) Why should we protect and conserve forests?
Answer: We should protect and conserve forests because they store large amounts of carbon. This makes them crucial for controlling carbon levels.
In simple words: We need to protect forests because they hold a lot of carbon, which helps control climate change.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the direct benefit of forests in carbon sequestration and climate regulation.

 

(2) What should be composted separately?
Answer: Household wet-waste should be composted separately.
In simple words: Wet waste from our homes should be put aside to make compost.

🎯 Exam Tip: Provide a concise and direct answer, identifying the specific type of waste to be composted.

 

(D) Say True Or False

Write whether the following sentences are True or False:
Answer:

(1) We need to adopt a more responsible lifestyle to save our planet.
(1) True
(2) The carbon footprint is a subset of the ecological footprint.
(2) True
(3) GHG means GreenHouse Gujarat.
(3) False
(4) Every single aspect of our economy is dependent on fossil fuel-derived energy and resources.
(4) True
(5) Solar lanterns can replace electric bulbs.
(5) True
(6) We should depend more on hard copies for reading work.
(6) False
(7) More printouts means more cutting of trees.
(7) True
(8) We should leave our appliances on standby mode.
(8) False
(9) Battery driven vehicles emit negligible carbon footprint.
(9) True
(10) We should travel / commute by public transport rather than private vehicles.
(10) True
(11) We should not buy recycled paper products.
(11) False
(12) Ethanol and Jatropha are promising bio-fuels.
(12) True
(13) Household wet-waste should be composted separately.
(13) True
(14) Judicious and calibrated use of water is the need of the hour.
(14) True
(15) Three conventional 'R's are 'Repair', 'Reclaim' and 'Restore'.
(15) False
In simple words: We need to live responsibly, reduce our carbon impact, and conserve resources. This means using public transport, choosing sustainable products, and managing waste effectively.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully read each statement and evaluate it against environmental principles and practices taught in the chapter to determine its truth value accurately.

 

Vocabulary

Question 1. Add one suitable word to each series of the words given in the brackets.
Answer:

(1) exhalation, discharge, emanation, **emission**
(2) assemble, compile, gather, **accumulate**
(3) enhance, boost, add to, **augment**
(4) spread, circulate, disperse, **disseminate**
(5) deficient, sparse, in short supply, **negligible**
(6) torn, mutilated, broken, **shredded**
(7) get used to, accustom, fit, **adapt**
(8) trivial, minute, trifling, **scarce**
In simple words: This exercise helps us find words that mean similar things. Each new word fits into a group, making the list of related words bigger.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the nuances of meaning for each word series to select the most appropriate synonym from the given bracketed list.

 

Question 2. Fill in the blanks using words from the brackets.
Answer:

[aspect, cogent, emission, consumption, scarce, consequences, initiate, acute, negligible, obviates, judicious]
(1) Excessive **consumption** of fat can lead to heart trouble.
(2) He can **initiate** proposals for new laws.
(3) A **negligible** amount of damage was done to the vehicle.
(4) The politician's **cogent** argument against the war won him many votes in the election.
(5) Since Bina has an **acute** fear of drowning, she has never entered a swimming pool.
(6) The flyover **obviates** the need to drive at a snail's pace.
(7) He did realize the **consequences** of his actions.
(8) In almost all **aspects** of life, the application of this process will bring improvements.
In simple words: This exercise helps us learn how to use new words correctly in sentences. By choosing the right word for each blank, we can make the sentences clear and meaningful.

🎯 Exam Tip: Carefully consider the context of each sentence to select the word from the provided list that best fits the meaning and grammar.

 

Question 3. Match the commands in 'A' with their corresponding actions in 'B'.
Answer:

Part 'A'	Part 'B'	Sentences
1. judicious	a. moment	Ex: It is necessary to make judicious use of water.
2. negligible	b. problem	Battery driven scooters enforce negligible pressure on environment.
3. enormous	c. consumption	Trash papers discarded on streets leave an enormous burden of carbon footprint.
4. excessive	d. areas	Avoiding usage of excessive amount of electricity will restore global environment.
5. acute	e. amount	Acute problem of water shortage will arise if water is not used judiciously.
6. remote	f. argument	Solar lanterns should be installed in remote areas.
7. precious	g. waste	Precious moments on our plant can be enjoyed if environment is preserved.
8. wet	h. burden	Wet waste if composted separately can produce a lot of useful manure.
9. water	i. use	Water consumption should be minimised to prevent acute shortage in near future.
10. cogent	j. pressure	Cogent arguments are forwarded to ban the use of plastics.

(1) → i)
(2) → j)
(3) → h)
(4) → e)
(5) → b)
(6) → d)
(7) → a)
(8) → g)
(9) → c)
(10) → f)
In simple words: This exercise matches words with related ideas and shows how they are used in sentences. It helps to understand the correct meaning and usage of each term.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching exercises, first understand the core meaning of each term in Part 'A' and then find its closest corresponding concept or synonym in Part 'B' or its suitable context in the sentences.

 

4. Circle the letter of each correct answer to the questions. There can be more than one answer.

1. What can be emitted ?
(a) radiation
(b) gas
(c) water
(d) smoke
Answer: (a) radiation, (b) gas, (d) smoke
In simple words: "Emitted" means released or sent out. Radiation, gas, and smoke are all things that can be released.

🎯 Exam Tip: For multiple-choice questions with multiple correct answers, ensure you identify all valid options to score full marks.

 

2. What can be disseminated ?
(a) information
(b) pamphlets
(c) knowledge
(d) chairs
Answer: (a) information, (b) pamphlets, (c) knowledge
In simple words: "Disseminated" means to spread something widely. Information, pamphlets, and knowledge can all be spread around.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understanding synonyms for key verbs like "disseminated" helps in accurately selecting options.

 

3. What can be scarce?
(a) oil supply
(b) resources
(c) water supply
(d) reptiles
Answer: (a) oil supply, (b) resources, (c) water supply
In simple words: "Scarce" means there isn't much of something. Oil, resources, and water can all be in short supply.

🎯 Exam Tip: Pay attention to context. Things that are limited or in high demand are often described as scarce.

 

4. What can be imbibed ?
(a) good habits
(b) virtues
(c) cereals
(d) integrity
Answer: (a) good habits, (b) virtues
In simple words: "Imbibed" means to absorb or take in ideas, knowledge, or qualities. Good habits and virtues can be learned and adopted.

🎯 Exam Tip: The word "imbibe" often refers to internalizing abstract concepts or practices, not physical objects.

 

5. What can be accumulated?
(a) magazines
(b) garments
(c) horror
(d) skill
Answer: (a) magazines, (b) garments
In simple words: "Accumulated" means to gather or collect over time. Magazines and garments are physical items that can be collected.

🎯 Exam Tip: Differentiate between physical accumulation and abstract concepts. While skills can grow, they aren't typically "accumulated" in the same way as objects.

 

6. What can be initiated ?
(a) project
(b) research
(c) toxins
(d) furniture
Answer: (a) project, (b) research
In simple words: "Initiated" means to start something. A project or research can be started.

🎯 Exam Tip: The term "initiated" implies starting a process or endeavor. Projects and research fit this description well.

 

5. Find out sentences containing the following words / phrases from the Read and write' them down. Also use them In the sentences of your own.

Example: remote
Textual Sentence: Solar heater should be Installed In every household especially in remote areas.
Our sentence : The Smith family loves travelling to remote locations.
In simple words: "Remote" means far away or isolated. The examples show how solar heaters are good for distant places and how a family enjoys traveling to such areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: When asked to use a word in your own sentence, ensure the context and meaning of the word are clearly reflected.

 

(1) escalate over
Textual Sentence: Emissions from economic: activity will continue and escalate.
Our sentence: House prices have escalated rapidly over the previous ones.
In simple words: "Escalate over" means to increase or intensify quickly. The sentences show how emissions and house prices can rise fast.

🎯 Exam Tip: Understand that "escalate" implies a rise, often a rapid or significant one, in a situation or quantity.

 

(2) gush on
Textual Sentence: Use a mug while shaving Instead of allowing the water tap to gush on.
Our sentence : When Rajesh met with an accident blood gushed on through wounds.
In simple words: "Gush on" means to flow out quickly and in large amounts. The examples show water flowing from a tap and blood flowing from a wound.

🎯 Exam Tip: This phrase specifically refers to a forceful, rapid outflow of a liquid.

 

(3) Promise: Promising biofuels :
Sentence: Ethanol and Jatropha are promising bio-fuels.
In simple words: "Promising biofuels" refers to types of fuel that look like they will be successful or useful in the future, like Ethanol and Jatropha.

🎯 Exam Tip: Recognize that "promising" indicates potential for future success or benefit.

 

(4) Shred : Shredded paper :
Sentence: Shredded paper is cheap and can be purchased from the market.
In simple words: "Shredded paper" is paper that has been cut into thin strips. The example shows it can be bought at a low cost.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Shredded" means torn or cut into small, thin pieces.

 

(5) Recreation : Recreational trips
Sentence: Our school carries out recreational trips once In a year.
In simple words: "Recreation" means activities done for enjoyment. "Recreational trips" are outings for fun, like those organized by a school.

🎯 Exam Tip: Connect "recreation" with activities for leisure and enjoyment.

 

(6) Reason : Reasonable way
Sentence: Children in the adolescent stage should be treated in a reasonable way.
In simple words: A "reasonable way" is a fair and sensible approach. The sentence suggests treating adolescents in a logical and appropriate manner.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Reasonable" implies using good judgment, fairness, and common sense.

 

Function

1 (A) Observe the screenshots and go through instructions sorted out below. Find out and add more instructions.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र आधार (Aadhaar) की वेबसाइट से ई-आधार (e-Aadhaar) डाउनलोड करने के लिए एक फॉर्म दिखाता है। इसमें व्यक्तिगत जानकारी जैसे एनरोलमेंट नंबर, आधार नंबर, नाम, पिन कोड, मोबाइल नंबर और एक सुरक्षा कैप्चा इमेज को भरना होता है। इसका उद्देश्य उपयोगकर्ता को ऑनलाइन अपना आधार कार्ड प्राप्त करने में मदद करना है।
Answer:
(1) Go to the e-Aadhaar section of the UIDAI website.
(2) Fill up Aadhaar number.
(3) Fill up Enrolment number.
(4) Enter the date and time as it appears on the acknowledgment slip.
(5) Enter the full name of the applicant.
(6) Enter the pin code of your area.
(7) Enter the image text as given above.
(8) Enter the mobile number registered with Aadhaar.
(9) Enter your Aadhaar number.
(10) Generate OTP (One Time Password).
(11) Enter the received OTP.
(12) Click "Validate & Download" to get the e-Aadhaar card.
In simple words: To get your e-Aadhaar, you need to visit the UIDAI website, fill in your details like Aadhaar or enrollment number, name, pin code, mobile number, and a security code. Then, generate and enter an OTP to download your card.

🎯 Exam Tip: For step-by-step instructions, ensure clarity and logical sequence. Each step should be a distinct, actionable instruction.

 

(B) You will get this screen. Study it and do as suggested.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र UIDAI की आधार सेवा पोर्टल को दर्शाता है, जिसमें 'Welcome to the Aadhaar Kiosk' शीर्षक है। इसमें ई-आधार डाउनलोड करने, मोबाइल पर आधार प्राप्त करने और आधार स्थिति (Aadhaar Status) जांचने के विकल्प दिए गए हैं। यह उपयोगकर्ताओं को आधार से संबंधित विभिन्न सेवाओं तक पहुँचने के लिए एक इंटरफेस प्रदान करता है।
Answer:
1. Get E-Aadhaar
2. Get Aadhaar on mobile
3. Check Aadhaar Status
4. Get Enrolled
5. Update Aadhaar-data
In simple words: This screen shows different Aadhaar services you can use, such as getting your e-Aadhaar, getting it on your phone, checking its status, enrolling for a new one, or updating your existing Aadhaar information.

🎯 Exam Tip: When interpreting screenshots, identify the main sections and the functions they represent clearly.

 

2. Here are the steps to create an email account. Follow them and try to create your e-mail account. Did it work? If not, find out the proper order of instructions and re-arrange them, (in lab or home)

(1) Choose your username...... @gmail.com
(2) First name
(3) Second name
(4) Confirm your password
(5) Create a password
(6) Birth date
(7) Gender
(8) Mobile phone
(9) Location
(10) Answer
(11) Security question
(12) Recovery-email
(13) Word verification
(14) Take me to my account
(15) Congratulations! You have successfully created your Gmail account
(16) Terms of services : Agree / Disagree
Note: Students will try to create an email account on their own.
Answer:
The correct order of steps to create an email account is:
1. (2) First name
2. (3) Second name
3. (1) Choose your username...... @gmail.com
4. (5) Create a password
5. (4) Confirm your password
6. (6) Birth date
7. (7) Gender
8. (8) Mobile phone
9. (9) Location
10. (11) Security question
11. (10) Answer
12. (12) Recovery-email
13. (13) Word verification
14. (16) Terms of services : Agree / Disagree
15. (14) Take me to my account
16. (15) Congratulations! You have successfully created your Gmail account
In simple words: To make a new email account, first you enter your name, then pick a username and create a password. After that, you add personal details like birth date and gender, and provide a mobile number for security. Finally, you agree to the terms and finish setting up your account.

🎯 Exam Tip: When re-ordering steps, focus on the logical flow of actions, imagining the process as you arrange them.

 

3. (A) here are steps to read your email on. your desktop computer. Read out carefully.

Underline the c-words and get their meanings from your friends/teacher/Internet.
1. Go to your desktop computer and turn out it.
2. Connect your computer to internet.
3. Find out the internet browser icon and click on it.
4. Go to the Gmail through Google.
5. Sign in Gmail and type your mail Id.
6. Type your Password.
7. Browse the inbox in your mail account.
8. Sign out Gmail
9. Close the Google Search.
10. Disconnect the Internet.
11. Log off the desktop computer.
In simple words: This list describes how to open, check, and close your email on a computer. It involves turning on the computer, connecting to the internet, opening a browser, going to Gmail, logging in with your ID and password, checking emails, and then logging out and turning off the computer.

🎯 Exam Tip: For procedural steps, ensure each instruction is clear and builds upon the previous one. The sequence is crucial for successful completion.

 

(B) Now follow this process at the computer lab at your school and read your mail.

(C) Nandan wants to read email so he starts like this.

• He turns on the desktop
• He searches out the internet browser.
• He browses Gmail through Google.
• He clicks on the browser.
• He connects the desktop to internet.
• He searches for the Gmail.

If Nandan followed these steps, would he be able to read his emails? Revise the process and correct it, if necessary:

• He signs in the Gmail.
• He types his mail Id.
• He enters the password.
• He then browses the inbox.

Will he be able to read mail? Yes/No
Now, tell Nandan what he should do to read mails and finish the process.
Answer:
No, Nandan would not be able to read his mail by following his steps because the order is incorrect.
Here is the correct process for Nandan to read his mail:
1. Turn your desktop on.
2. Connect the desktop to internet.
3. Search out internet browser.
4. Click on the browser.
5. Search for Gmail.
6. Type your mail Id.
7. Enter your password.
8. Sign in Gmail.
9. Browse the inbox and you will be able to read your mails.
In simple words: Nandan's steps are mixed up. To read email, he first needs to turn on the computer and connect to the internet. Then, he opens a browser, goes to Gmail, puts in his email ID and password, signs in, and finally checks his inbox.

🎯 Exam Tip: When correcting a sequence, identify the correct starting point and ensure all necessary preceding steps are in place before moving forward.

 

4. Rutva wants to have a print out of docs.file which she has received as an attachment in mail. Help her by arranging the in a proper order.

[4] Open the mail from inbox.
[2] Type your mail Id.
[3] Type your Password.
[5] Download the attachment.
[1] Open the mail through Google.
[ 9 ] Select the connected printer.
[12] Now click on the Print button and have a print.
[6] Open the downloaded attachment.
[10] Choose the colour/black, format and size of paper.
[ 7 ] Select the required pages you want to have print out.
[8] Give print command either Ctrl + p or Choose from short cut command icon.
[ 11 ] Select the nos, of pages : All. 1 – 4. current page. etc.
Answer:
The correct order of instructions for Rutva to print an attachment is:
1. [1] Open the mail through Google.
2. [2] Type your mail Id.
3. [3] Type your Password.
4. [4] Open the mail from inbox.
5. [5] Download the attachment.
6. [6] Open the downloaded attachment.
7. [7] Select the required pages you want to have print out.
8. [8] Give print command either Ctrl + p or Choose from short cut command icon.
9. [9] Select the connected printer.
10. [10] Choose the colour/black, format and size of paper.
11. [11] Select the nos, of pages : All. 1 – 4. current page. etc.
12. [12] Now click on the Print button and have a print.
In simple words: To print a file from email, Rutva should first log into her email, open the message, download the attached file, and then open that file. Next, she needs to choose print, select her printer, pick printing options like color and page range, and finally click the print button.

🎯 Exam Tip: When ordering computer-related steps, visualize each action and ensure it logically follows the previous one, from logging in to the final output.

 

5. Let's learn how to seek information on websites by just using appropriate key-words. Here is an example. Suppose you want to have information about Hamlet-a tragedy written by Shakespeare. Go through these screenshots explaining the use of the key-words like Shakespeare, (in lab or home)

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र Google खोज परिणामों को दर्शाता है जब "shakespeare" खोजा जाता है। इसमें विलियम शेक्सपियर से संबंधित विकिपीडिया पृष्ठ और उनके पूर्ण कार्यों की वेबसाइट जैसे विभिन्न लिंक शामिल हैं। यह दर्शाता है कि कैसे कीवर्ड का उपयोग करके विशिष्ट जानकारी खोजी जा सकती है।
ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र विलियम शेक्सपियर के विकिपीडिया पृष्ठ को दिखाता है, जिसमें उनके जीवन और कार्यों का विवरण है। इसमें शेक्सपियर के जन्म, विवाह और करियर के बारे में जानकारी है, साथ ही उनके नाटक 'हैमलेट' का भी उल्लेख है। यह जानकारी खोजने के लिए एक ऑनलाइन विश्वकोश का उपयोग करने का तरीका बताता है।

Now open the link by clicking on the word Hamlet.

ℹ️ चित्र व्याख्या (Diagram Explanation): यह चित्र विलियम शेक्सपियर के नाटक 'हैमलेट' के विकिपीडिया पृष्ठ को दर्शाता है। इसमें नाटक की कहानी, उसके पात्र, और अंग्रेजी साहित्य में उसके महत्व का विस्तृत विवरण दिया गया है। यह दर्शाता है कि कैसे एक विशिष्ट लिंक पर क्लिक करके संबंधित और गहरी जानकारी तक पहुँचा जा सकता है।

Now follow this example, make a list of similar key-words and search the information related to the topics given below:

• Speech of Gandhiji during 2nd Round-table Conference
• Theory of Relativity
• Fire ants
• Statue of Socrates and Plato
• Life on Antarctica
• Talks by J. Krishnamurthy
• Photos of the persons mentioned in this textbook

Answer:
To find information on websites using keywords, follow these steps:
1. Click on the internet browser.
2. In the address bar, type www.google.com.
3. In the Google search box, type the specific topic you want to search for, for example, "Speech of Gandhiji during 2nd Round-table Conference".
4. Click the search button. If you need images, click on the "Image" button.
5. A list of websites related to your topic will appear.
6. Click on a suitable link to open that particular site and find the information you need.
In simple words: To find information online, open your internet browser, go to Google, and type what you are looking for in the search box using clear keywords. Then, click the search button, and a list of websites will appear. Choose the best link to open and read the information.

🎯 Exam Tip: When searching online, using specific and relevant keywords improves the accuracy and relevance of your search results significantly.

 

6. Complete the dialogue selecting the proper expressions from the bracket.

(Click on the hyperlink, clicking a new tab, type www.youtube.com, paste/type the URL of video, type www.keepvid.com, click download, start a new tab, typing Sholey – movie in search panel)

Rahil : Hey, Kevin. I watched 'Black' yesterday again. It is an adaptation of Helen Keller's life story.
Kevin: Great. I want to have it so that I can watch it whenever I wish.
Rahil: Oh, I watched it online. But you can download it from youtube.com
Kevin: Hmmm. But you know my limitation. I am not used to surfing on internet and downloading.
Rahil: Dear, just start your internet browser. Then type www.youtube.com in the address bar.
Kevin: OK. I can do that. I know this.
Rahil : Then search for the movie by typing 'Black' movie in the search panel.
Kevin: Hmm. Then ?
Rahil : Click on the hyperlink that shows the movie. The next step is to clicking a new tab.
Kevin: A new tab ?
Rahil: Yes, you can go parallel to a new screen by start a new tab where you need to type www.keepvid.com in its address bar.
Kevin: What is this website about ?
Rahil: You cannot download videos from youtube directly. Such websites help you to download these videos.
Kevin: Great.
Rahil : On the screen, paste / type the URL of video taken /copied from the youtube.com
Kevin: Then I have to click download
Rahil: Yes, good going. The movie will be downloaded in your computer.
Kevin: A good learning for me, and I'm happy that the movie 'Black' is at my fingertip. Thanks a lot for all this.
Answer: (This question is already filled in the prompt, so I will represent the complete dialogue with the correct insertions.)

Rahil : Hey, Kevin. I watched 'Black' yesterday again. It is an adaptation of Helen Keller's life story.
Kevin: Great. I want to have it so that I can watch it whenever I wish.
Rahil: Oh, I watched it online. But you can download it from youtube.com
Kevin: Hmmm. But you know my limitation. I am not used to surfing on internet and downloading.
Rahil: Dear, just start your internet browser. Then type **www.youtube.com** in the address bar.
Kevin: OK. I can do that. I know this.
Rahil : Then search for the movie by **typing 'Sholey – movie in search panel'**.
Kevin: Hmm. Then ?
Rahil : **Click on the hyperlink** that shows the movie. The next step is to **clicking a new tab**.
Kevin: A new tab ?
Rahil: Yes, you can go parallel to a new screen by **start a new tab** where you need to type **www.keepvid.com** in its address bar.
Kevin: What is this website about ?
Rahil: You cannot download videos from youtube directly. Such websites help you to download these videos.
Kevin: Great.
Rahil : On the screen, **paste/type the URL of video** taken/copied from the youtube.com
Kevin: Then I have to **click download**
Rahil: Yes, good going. The movie will be downloaded in your computer.
Kevin: A good learning for me, and I'm happy that the movie 'Black' is at my fingertip. Thanks a lot for all this.
In simple words: This dialogue shows how to download a movie from YouTube. First, go to YouTube, search for the movie, and open it. Then, open a new tab, go to Keepvid.com, paste the movie's link there, and click to download it.

🎯 Exam Tip: When completing a dialogue, choose phrases that fit logically and grammatically into the conversation flow.

 

7. Open a search engine type key-words 10 best job portals in India' or 'career websites'. Open a link and apply online for a suitable job.

In simple words: This is an activity where you need to use a search engine to find the top 10 job portals or career websites in India. Then, you should visit one of these websites, open a suitable job listing, and practice applying for it online.

🎯 Exam Tip: Practical application questions like this test your ability to follow instructions and use online tools effectively.

 

8. Match the commands in 'A' with their corresponding actions in 'B'.

Part 'A'	Part 'B'	Answer
1. Visit Hyperlink	A. Browsing the file and selecting JPG	(1 → E)
2. Download	B. Clicking the selected docs, audio-video files, images using	(2 → B)
3. Create Password	D. Typing the special characters and keys	(3 → D)
4. Upload Photo	A. Browsing the file and selecting JPG	(4 → A)
5. Get OTP	C. Clicking the tab and receiving digits in SMS	(5 → C)
6. Enter Security Code	G. Typing jumbled letters / numbers given as Captcha	(6 → G)
7. Copy	F. Select the file and press Ctrl + C	(7 → F)
8. Search the specific information in Google	H. Typing the key-words in inverted commas	(8 → H)

Answer:
(1 → E), (2 → B), (3 → D), (4 → A), (5 → C), (6 → G), (7 → F), (8 → H)
In simple words: This table matches computer commands like "Visit Hyperlink" with what you do, like "Following another text or sites by clicking or tapping." Each command has a specific action you perform.

🎯 Exam Tip: For matching questions, carefully read each item in both columns and identify the most direct and accurate correspondence.

 

Activity

Organize a 'Best out of Waste' competition in your class.
Focus on plastic, i.e., empty bottles, used tooth brush, empty food packets, etc.
Put a collection box for used pen in your class. Prepare a showcase piece out of collected pens.
Note: Students will carry out this activity themselves in a classroom situation.
In simple words: This activity suggests organizing a 'Best out of Waste' competition. Students should use everyday plastic items like bottles, toothbrushes, and food packets to create something new. Also, collect old pens in a box and make a display item from them.

🎯 Exam Tip: Activities like these encourage creativity, resourcefulness, and awareness of environmental issues by reusing waste materials.

 

Project

Visit a nearby vegetable market. Study how thin (less than 40 micron) plastic is used. List disadvantages of such plastic. Find the ways out. Make a nice pamphlet and get a few copies. Collect some money and buy cloth bags. Go to the market. Talk to people. Gift them cloth bags. Convince them not to use plastic bags.
Note: Students will carry out this project themselves by visiting a nearby market.
In simple words: This project asks you to visit a vegetable market, observe the use of thin plastic bags, and understand their problems. Then, create pamphlets, buy cloth bags, and give them to people at the market, encouraging them to stop using plastic.

🎯 Exam Tip: Projects involving community interaction and practical solutions are highly valued as they demonstrate real-world problem-solving skills.

 

Green Charter Summary In Gujarati

પિરિચય આ લેખમાં પર્યાવરણ સંવર્ધન તથા સુરક્ષાની વાત કરવામાં આવી છે. આબોહવામાં બદલાવ અને ગ્લોબલ વૉર્મિંગ આજની તાકીદની ગંભીર સમસ્યાઓ છે, ત્યારે માત્ર સરકાર આ સમસ્યાઓના ઉકેલ લાવશે એવું માની રાહ જોઈ બેસી રહેવાથી કાંઈ નહિ વળે.

દેશના નાગરિક તરીકે આપણું આ દિશામાં શું યોગદાન હોઈ શકે એ વિચારવાનો સમય પાકી ગયો છે. જો આપણે આપણા ગ્રહ(પૃથ્વી)ને અતિશય મોડું થઈ જાય એ પહેલાં બચાવવો હશે, તો કેટલીક બાબતોને અમલમાં મૂકવી અને કેટલીક બાબતોને ટાળવી અનિવાર્ય છે. આપણે વાહનવ્યવહાર, ઉદ્યોગો કે અન્યત્રથી પેદા થતો CO₂ ઘટાડવો પડશે. CO2 પેદા કરતા સ્રોતને બદલે આપણે ઊર્જાના અન્ય સ્ત્રોત જેવા કે, સૂર્ય-ઊર્જા, જળ-ઊર્જાનો ઉપયોગ વધારવો પડશે.

પર્યાવરણ જાગૃતિનું અભિયાન ચલાવવું પડશે. કાગળના ઉપયોગને બદલે ઇલેક્ટ્રોનિક માધ્યમથી થતા વ્યવહારોને સ્થાન આપવું પડશે. ઘરમાં વધુ વીજળી વપરાશનાં જૂનાં ગેજેટ્સને બદલી નવાં વીજળી બચતનાં વાપરવાં ઇચ્છનીય રહેશે.

ઇલેક્ટ્રૉનિક સાધનોને સ્ટેન્ડબાય મોડ પર ન રાખવાં, બૅટરી સંચાલિત ધુમાડો ન કાઢતાં વાહનોનો વપરાશ, વીજળી વપરાશની ટેવો સુધારવી, વાહનોને બદલે ચાલવું કે સાઇકલ પર જવું, જંગલો કપાતાં બચાવવાં, ઉજ્જડ જમીન પર વાવેતર કરવું, વિઘટનક્ષમ પ્લાસ્ટિકનો ઉપયોગ કરવો, સૂકા-ભીના કચરામાંથી

ખાતર વિગેરે બનાવવાં, નાનાં ઓછાં પૅકિંગવાળી વસ્તુઓને પસંદગી આપવી, રિફિલ્સનો ઉપયોગ વધારવો, વરસાદના પાણીનો સંગ્રહ કરવો, પાણીનો વિવેકપૂર્ણ ઉપયોગ કરવો, રૂઢિગત “રિસાઇકલ’, 'રિટ્યૂસ' અને 'રિયુઝ'માં 'રિપેર', રિક્લેઇમ' અને ‘રિસ્ટોરનાં પરિમાણ ઉમેરવાં; આમ, અનેકવિધ રીતે પર્યાવરણનું સંવર્ધન અને સુરક્ષા થઈ શકે.

 

Glossary (શબ્દાર્થ)

charter (n.) (ચાર્ટર) a special contract or agreement - લેખિત કરાર, ખતપત્ર
dramatically (adv.) (ડ્રામૅટિકલી) in a very impressive manner - પ્રભાવક / જોરદાર રીતે
calamitous (adj.) (કૅલેમિટસ) disastrous, tragic- આપત્તિજનક, દુઃખદ
consequences (n.) (કૉન્સિક્વન્સિઝ) results, effects, outcomes - પરિણામો, અસરો
adopt (v.) (અડૉપ્ટ) accept, select, take up-સ્વીકારવું, પસંદ કરવું
reasonable (adj.) (રીઝનેબલ) agreeable, logical, fair-ખુલ્લા મનનું, વાજબી, યોગ્ય
reduce (v.) (રિડ્યૂસ) cut down, bring down-ઘટાડવું, કાપી નાખવું
subset (n.) (સબસેટ) a set that is a part of larger set-ગૌણ ભાગ, ઉપગણ
ecological (adj.) (ઈકોલૉજિકલ) environmental – પર્યાવરણીય
footprint (n.) (ફૂટપ્રિન્ટ) impression, imprint - છાપ, અસર
emit (v.) (એમિટ) release, send out–વાયુ, ગેસ વગેરે છોડવા, બહારની તરફ ધક્કો મારવો
consumption (n.) (કન્ઝમ્પશન) use-વપરાશ, ઉપયોગ
equivalent (adj.) (ઈક્વિવેલન્ટ) equal, having equal value-સમાન, કિંમત, અર્થ ઈ.માં સરખું
fossil (n.) (ફૉસિલ) remains, relic - જીવાશ્મ
embedded (adj.) (એમબૅડેડ) enclosed firmly in a surrounding mass, inserted as an integral part of a surrounding whole-અંદર જડાયેલું, કશાકના ભાગ તરીકે અંદર સ્થિત (fit) કરેલું
petrified (adj.) (પેટ્રિફાઈડ) rocklike, fossilized – પથ્થર થઈ ગયેલા અવશેષ
derived (v.) (ડિરાઈવ્ડ) drawn, obtained, got-(-માંથી) કાઢેલું, મેળવેલું
undeniable (adj.) (અનડિનાયબલ) that cannot be denied, unquestionably or obviously true - નિર્વિવાદ, નિઃસંશય
escalate (v.) (એસ્કલેટ) rise, go high, increase - વધવું, ઊંચે જવું, વૃદ્ધિ થવી તે
foreseeable (adj.) (ફૉરસીએબલ) expected, predictable – અગાઉથી ધારણા કરી શકાય તેવું, આગાહી કરી શકાય તેવું
cogent (adj.) (કોજન્ટ) strong and logical – તર્કબદ્ધ, ખાતરી કરાવનારું
offset (v.) (ઑફસેટ) counterbalance, counteract or compensate for – પ્રતિક્રિયાથી બિનઅસરકારક બનાવવું, અટકાવવું
eliminate (v.) (ઈલિમિનેટ) remove - દૂર કરવું, નિવારવું
menace (n.) (મૅનસ) threat, danger - આફત, જોખમ

 

solar (adj.) (સોલર) relating to sun-(અહીં) સૂર્ય-ઊર્જાથી ચાલતું
lantern (n.) (લૅન્ટર્ન) lamp, light-દિવો, પ્રકાશ આપનાર લાઇટ
inaccessible (adj.) (ઈનઍક્સેસિબલ) remote or unapproachable-દૂરનું, પહોંચ બહારનું, અપ્રાપ્ય
initiated (v.) (ઇનિશિયેટેડ) began, commenced – શરૂ કરાયેલું, આરંભિત
vital (adj.) (વાયટલ) important – અગત્યનો, મહત્ત્વનો
lacking (adj.) (લૅકિંગ) scarce, falling short of-ઊણપ, ખોટ કે અછત ધરાવતું, –થી વંચિત
boon (n.) (બૂન) blessing-આશીર્વાદ, કૃપા
warranted (adj.) (વૉરન્ટિડ) assuring guarantee, assurance or confirmation - તુરંત, નુકસાન વગેરેની સામે બાંયધરી કે ખાતરી આપતું
beforehand (adv.) (બિફોરહેન્ડ) well-in-advance - પહેલાંથી જ
indiscriminately (adv.) (ઇન્ડિસ્ક્રિમિનેટલી) randomly, unthinkingly, unsystematically – આડેધડ, વિચાર્યા વગર, અપદ્ધતિસર
relevance (n.) (રેલવન્સ) connection, applicability - -ની સાથેનો સંબંધ, પ્રસ્તુતતા
recepient (n.) (રેસિપિઅન્ટ) one who receives – મેળવનાર, ગ્રાહક
trash (n.) (ટ્રૅશ) worthless or discarded material or objects; refuse or rubbish - કચરો, ત્યજી દેવાયેલી વસ્તુ
discarded (adj.) (ડિસ્કાર્ડેડ) thrown away, rejected, unwanted–બિનજરૂરી ફેંકી દેવાયેલી (ચીજવસ્તુ/ઓ)
enormous (adj.) (ઈનોર્મસ) huge –ભવ્ય, વિશાળ, મસમોટું
disseminated (adj.) (ડિસેમિનેટેડ) distributed, spread –વહેંચાયેલું, ફેલાયેલું
conventional (adj.) (કન્વેન્શનલ) traditional – રૂઢિ | પ્રણાલિકાગત, આગળથી ચાલ્યું આવતું
augment (v.) (ઑગ્મૅન્ટ) (enlarge by adding to) make or become greater in number, amount, strength, etc.–ઉમેરણ કરીને સંખ્યા, જથ્થા કે બળમાં વધારો કરવો
negligible (adj.) (નિગ્લિજિબલ) insignificant, trifle - બિનમહત્ત્વનું, મામૂલી, નગણ્ય
reorient (v.) (રિઓરિયન્ટ) change the focus of - ધ્યાન બદલવું
obviating (adj.) (ઑબવિએટિંગ) preventing, avoiding –અટકાવીને, ટાળીને
carpooling (n.) (કારપૂલિંગ) carsharing-ભેગા મળી એક જ કારમાં મુસાફરી કરવી તે
barring (prep.) (બૅરિંગ) excepting, unless (something occurs), except for - -ને બાદ કરતાં, -ના સિવાયનું
chores (n.) (ચૉર્સ) a routine task – રોજિંદા પરચૂરણ કામ
conserve (v.) (કન્ઝર્વ) to protect from loss or harm, preserve - બગાડ, નુકસાનથી બચાવવું, રક્ષણ કરવું
barren (adj.) (બૅરન) wasteland – ઉજ્જડ (ભૂમિ)
stretch (n.) (સ્ટ્રેચ) extent in area – અખંડ વિસ્તાર કે પ્રદેશ અવધિ
bio-fuel (n.) (બાયો-ફ્યુઅલ) fuel such as methane produced from renewable resources - જૈવિક ઈંધણ
bio-degradable (adj.) (બાયો-ડિગ્રેડેબલ) waste material composed primarily of constituent parts that occur naturally – કુદરતી રીતે જ જૈવિક કચરાના કોહવાટથી પેદા થતું જૈવિક વિઘટન
compost (v.) (કમ્પોસ્ટ) make fertilizer – ખાતર બનાવવું
shredded (adj.) (શ્રેડેડ) torn to pieces – (અહીં) ફાટી ગયેલા (કાગળ)
community (n.) (કમ્યુનિટી) the people living in one locality-સમાજ, એક જ સ્થળે રહેતા લોકોનો સમુદાય
dwellings (n.) (ડ્વેલિંગ્ઝ) residences–રહેઠાણો, નિવાસો
manure (n.) (મૅન્યુઅર) excrement of animals used as fertilizer – પ્રાણીઓનું છાણ કે જે ખાતર તરીકે વપરાય છે.

 

water-harvesting (n.) (વૉટર-હાર્વેસ્ટિંગ) collection of both runoff and rainwater for irrigation – જળ સંચય, સિંચાઈ માટે નકામું વહી જતું વરસાદનું પાણી કે તેના એકત્રીકરણની વ્યવસ્થા
judicious (adj.) (જુડિશ્યસ) sensible, reasonable, thoughtful – વિવેકપૂર્ણ, વાજબી, વિચારપૂર્વકનું
calibrated (adj.) (કૅલિબ્રેટેડ) standardised – પ્રમાણબદ્ધ, નિયત કરેલું, ચોક્કસ માપનું
scarce (adj.) (સ્કર્સ) in short supply – અપૂરતું, અછતવાળું
commodity (n.) (કમોડિટી) goods, thing–ઉપયોગી ચીજવસ્તુ
imbibe (v.) (ઈમ્બાઈબ) absorb, (here) learn-મનમાં ઉતારવું, આત્મસાત્ કરવું, શીખવું
accumulate (v.) (ઍક્યુમ્યુલેટ) collect –એકઠું કરવું
deploy (v.) (ડિપ્લોય) to bring into action - ક્રિયાન્વિત કરવું
sponge (n.) (સ્પોન્જ) a piece of absorbant material-વાદળી, પ્રવાહી શોષી લે તેવા પદાર્થનો ટુકડો
excessive (adj.) (ઈક્સેસિવ) immoderate, too much – અમાપ /પ્રમાણસરનું, અતિશય
reutilise (v.) (રિયુટિલાઈઝ) use again – ફરી વાપરવું
antiseptic (n.) (ઍન્ટિસેપ્ટિક) capable of preventing infection-ચેપ ફેલાતો/પ્રસરતો રોકનાર દ્રવ્ય, દવા વિગેરે–ચેપરોધક
adapt (v.) (એડૅપ્ટ) adjust, modify –બંધબેસતું કરવું, ફેરફારો કરી બેસાડવું
reclaim (v.) (રિક્લેમ) bring back, recycle-ખરાબ / નકામી વસ્તુ સુધારીને ઉપયોગમાં લેવી
buzzwords (n.) (બઝવર્ડ્ઝ) fashionable terms, catch words, slogans-સાંપ્રત સમયમાં પ્રચલિત શબ્દો, સૂત્રો
ensuing (adj.) (એનસ્યુઇંગ) consequent, following - આગામી

 

Phrases And Idioms

head on (હેડ ઑન) directly-સીધેસીધું, પ્રત્યક્ષ
hold out (હોલ્ડ આઉટ) extend, present or offer something - કશુંક આગળ ધરવું, રજૂ કરવું
far flung (ફાર ફ્લંગ) distant, remote – દૂરનું
for instance (ફોર ઇન્સ્ટન્સ) for example - ઉદાહરણ તરીકે
pertaining to (પર્ટેનિંગ ટુ) related to--ને લાગુ પડતું
gush on (ગશ ઑન) (here) allow water to run off uncontrolled - (અહીં) પાણીને અનિયંત્રિત વહેવા દેવું
crunch time (ક્રંચ ટાઈમ) time of crisis-સંક્રમણ, સંકટ કે કટોકટીનો સમય
(put) back to track ((પુટ) બૅક ટુ ટ્રૅક) મૂળ સ્થિતિમાં (પરત લાવવું)

 

Scientific Terms

Ethanol (ઈથેનોલ) flammable liquid – એક પ્રકારનું બળતણ તરીકે વપરાતું પ્રવાહી
Jatropha (જાટ્રોફા) a poisonous plant/shrub used as a component for bio-fuel- જૈવિક બળતણનો એક ભાગ તરીકે વપરાતો એક ઝેરી છોડ.