GSEB Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 8 Silk Road Solutions

Understanding the Text

Give reasons for the following statements:

Question 1. The article has been titled 'Silk Road'.
Answer: The article's title comes from the old Silk Road or its paths. This network linked the Afro-Eurasian landmass. It set up the exchange of various goods like Chinese silk, spices, teas, and porcelain; Indian fabrics, valuable jewels, and pepper; and the Roman Empire's gold, silver, delicate glass items, wine, carpets, and gems. The path was mainly called the Silk Road due to the important silk trade with China. In this part, the writer travels to Mount Kailash, exploring the Himalayan area in Tibet. Since the writer explored this region, the text is titled 'Silk Road'.
In simple words: The article is named 'Silk Road' because it's about the ancient trade routes that connected different continents, mainly for silk trade, and the author traveled through this historical region.

Exam Tip: When explaining titles, always connect the title directly to the core subject matter and the author's experience or focus within the text.

Question 2. Tibetan mastiffs were popular in China's imperial courts.
Answer: Tibetan mastiffs were well-liked in China's royal courts as hunting canines. They were brought along the Silk Road in olden times as a gift from Tibet. They were huge black dogs utilized as watchdogs. They burst into action quickly, like bullets. They are fierce and show no fear.
In simple words: Tibetan mastiffs were liked by Chinese emperors for hunting. They were brought from Tibet and were known as big, fearless, and furious watchdogs.

Exam Tip: For descriptive questions, include details about the subject's appearance, origin, and notable characteristics as provided in the text.

Question 3. The author's experience at Hor was in stark contrast to earlier accounts of the place.
Answer: Hor was a severe, dismal location. Dust and rocks were spread all over the place in large amounts; there was very little plant life. The area appeared unfortunate and sad, even though it was located on the shore of Lake Manasarovar. The writer was greatly surprised to find that his experience was very different from the accounts he had read earlier. A Japanese monk, Ekai Kawaguchi, who had arrived there in 1990, was so deeply affected by the sacred nature of the lake that he started crying. The holy waters had a similar effect on Sven Hedin, a Swede who was not usually prone to emotional outbursts. However, for the writer, when he arrived at Hor, he first had to get two punctures fixed. The only nice thing was the tea offered by a Chinese young person in the town's only cafe, which was made from poorly painted concrete and had three broken windows. The good view of the lake through one of the windows did help to make up for the situation.
In simple words: The author found Hor to be a grim, dusty place with little life, unlike earlier reports that described it as sacred. He had to fix two flat tires and the only comfort was tea in a poorly built cafe, despite the beautiful lake view.

Exam Tip: When comparing contrasting accounts, describe both perspectives clearly and use specific details from the text to support each claim.

Question 4. The author was disappointed with Darchen.
Answer: The writer was let down by Darchen. The high elevation was causing him health problems. He had a bad cold and could not get proper sleep at night. Since he was one of the first people to arrive, there were no pilgrims coming to the area. The place was dusty, partly abandoned, and filled with piles of waste and rubbish.
In simple words: The author felt disappointed in Darchen because of his health problems from the high altitude, lack of sleep, and the dusty, derelict state of the place with no other pilgrims around.

Exam Tip: When describing disappointment, focus on the specific reasons mentioned, such as health issues, lack of expected company, and environmental conditions.

Question 5. The author thought that his positive thinking strategy worked well after all.
Answer: The writer was disappointed with Darchen. He also complained of poor health. Tsetan had departed for Lhasa. He felt quite alone with no pilgrims around. It was then that he met Norbu, a Tibetan who also wished to visit Kailash. They would form a good partnership as both of them were scholars who had escaped from the library. The writer began to think positively, and this gave him some happiness and fresh enthusiasm.
In simple words: The author initially felt lonely and unwell in Darchen after Tsetan left. However, meeting Norbu, another academic seeking to visit Kailash, made him feel positive and enthusiastic, realizing his strategy worked out.

Exam Tip: For questions about characters' feelings or strategies, explain the initial situation, the turning point, and the final positive outcome.

Briefly comment on:

Question 1. The purpose of the author's journey to Mount Kailash
Answer: Nick Middleton is an Oxford professor and also an adventurer. He travels through the most challenging terrain along the Silk Road and reaches Mount Kailash. He visits this sacred place to complete the kora, which means going around the area.
In simple words: Nick Middleton, an Oxford professor and adventurer, traveled through difficult areas on the Silk Road to Mount Kailash to perform the kora, a holy circumambulation.

Exam Tip: When stating a purpose, always include the key action (the journey), the destination, and the ultimate goal (the kora).

Question 2. The author's physical condition in Darchen
Answer: The writer was not physically well when he got to Darchen. His nasal passages were blocked because of the cold wind at Hor, and he could not sleep properly at night. The next day, Tsetan brought him to the Darchen medical college, and the doctor there gave him some medication that offered him some relief.
In simple words: In Darchen, the author felt sick due to a blocked nose from cold wind and couldn't sleep. Tsetan took him to a medical college, where a doctor gave him medicine that helped him feel better.

Exam Tip: When describing physical conditions, list the symptoms, the cause, and the remedy or assistance received.

Question 3. The author's meeting with Norbu
Answer: The writer was feeling quite alone without Tsetan, who had left for Lhasa. There were no pilgrims in Darchen as he had arrived there very early in the season. It was then that he met Norbu, who was a Tibetan and also a scholar. He was also there to visit Kailash, and they decided to go there together.
In simple words: The author, feeling lonely in Darchen after Tsetan's departure and with no other pilgrims around, met Norbu, a Tibetan academic, who was also going to Kailash, and they decided to travel together.

Exam Tip: When discussing a meeting, explain the circumstances that led to it, introduce the new character, and highlight the shared goal or connection that formed between them.

Question 4. Tsetan's support to the author during the journey
Answer: Tsetan was a good and skilled driver. He drove the car very carefully. During the trip, he talked to the writer, giving him details about the places they were seeing. He was very caring. In Darchen, when he realized the writer was not well, he brought him to the medical college and got medicine for him. He was a kind Buddhist.
In simple words: Tsetan was an expert and attentive driver who shared information about the places they visited. He also showed great care by taking the author to a medical college for medicine when he fell ill in Darchen.

Exam Tip: Highlight specific actions of support, such as careful driving, providing information, and offering medical assistance, to illustrate the character's helpfulness.

Question 5. "As a Buddhist, he told me, he knew that it didn't really matter if I passed away, but he thought it would be bad for business”
Answer: Tsetan was a devoted Buddhist and thought that dying was not the end of existence. Kailash, being a holy site, would be better for him as it would transport him to heaven. However, if the writer were to die there, it would hurt his business, as his trustworthiness in caring for visitors would be at risk, and he might not get any clients later.
In simple words: Tsetan, as a Buddhist, believed death wasn't final and that dying at Kailash meant going to heaven. But if the author died there, it would harm Tsetan's reputation and business as a guide, making it harder to get future customers.

Exam Tip: When analyzing quotes, break down the two parts of the statement – the personal belief and the practical concern – and explain each in context.

Talking about the Text

Discuss the following in groups of four:

Question 1. The sensitive behaviour of hill-folk
Answer: The people from the hills are quite straightforward and sincere. Individuals like Tsetan are deeply religious and fear God. They are very kind and look after the guests who come from other places.
In simple words: Hill-folk, like Tsetan, are simple, innocent, deeply religious, and very hospitable towards visitors.

Exam Tip: Describe the character traits of a group and provide examples of their actions to illustrate these traits effectively.

Question 2. The reasons why people willingly undergo the travails of difficult journeys
Answer: The writer was a scholar; therefore, he took the journey for learning purposes. For him, it was an educational experience. Secondly, people undertake such travels because of their sense of adventure. The regions covered by the writer are some of the most challenging areas in the world. The third reason can be religious. People visit places like Mount Kailash as part of their sacred pilgrimage.
In simple words: People willingly make difficult journeys for reasons like educational experience (as the author did), a spirit of adventure in challenging terrains, or for religious pilgrimage to sacred sites like Mount Kailash.

Exam Tip: List the different motivations for undertaking difficult journeys and provide a brief explanation for each, citing examples from the text where applicable.

Question 3. The accounts of exotic places in legends and the reality
Answer: There are many stories about unusual places in old tales and in real life. Locations such as Mount Kailash and Manasarovar hold a special spot in legends. Many articles have been written about these sites.
In simple words: Exotic places like Mount Kailash and Manasarovar are often described in legends, and these legendary accounts are frequently explored in various written articles.

Exam Tip: When discussing legends and reality, mention specific places that appear in both, noting their significance in stories and literature.

Thinking about Language

Question 1. Notice the kind of English Tsetan uses while talking to the author. How do you think he picked it up?
Answer: Tsetan must have acquired his type of English through his interactions with visitors.
In simple words: Tsetan likely learned to speak English by talking with tourists.

Exam Tip: When asked about language acquisition in a specific context, consider the character's profession or typical interactions as a likely source.

Question 2. What do the following utterances indicate ?
(i) "I told her, through Daniel............."
Answer: She was not able to understand English, but Daniel translated what he said in English into the Tibetan language for her.
In simple words: This shows that Daniel translated the English conversation into Tibetan for the person who couldn't understand English.

Exam Tip: For dialogue analysis, explain what the speaker is trying to convey and any linguistic barriers or aids involved.

(ii) “It's a cold,” he said finally through Tsetan.
Answer: The doctor spoke in the Tibetan language, which Tsetan translated into English for the writer.
In simple words: This means the doctor spoke Tibetan, and Tsetan changed it into English for the author.

Exam Tip: Identify the original language spoken and the role of the translator in facilitating communication for the listener.

Question 3. Guess the meaning of the following words: kora, drokba, Kyang In which language are these words found?
Answer:
kora: Walking all the way around, to circumambulate
drokba: shepherd
Kyang: It is a wild Tibetan ass.
These words are found in the Tibetan Language.
In simple words: Kora means walking around something in a circle, drokba means a shepherd, and Kyang is a type of wild donkey from Tibet. All these words come from the Tibetan language.

Exam Tip: When defining foreign words, provide a concise meaning and always specify the language of origin if known.

Working with Words

Question 1. The narrative has many phrases to describe the scenic beauty of the mountainside like: 'A flawless half-moon floated in a perfect blue sky.' " Scan the text to locate other such picturesque phrases.
Answer:
(1) The river was wide and mostly blocked with ice, shining brightly and sparkling in the daylight.
(2) It was marked by a big pile of rocks decorated with silk scarves and tattered prayer flags.
In simple words: Other beautiful phrases describe the wide, ice-filled river glinting in the sun and a rock pile decorated with silk scarves and prayer flags.

Exam Tip: When identifying descriptive phrases, look for vivid adjectives and imagery that appeal to the senses.

Question 2. Explain the use of the adjectives in the following phrases:
(1) shaggy monsters
(2) brackish lakes
(3) rickety table
(4) hairpin bend
(5) rudimentary general stores
Answer:
(1) shaggy monsters: hairy, unkempt
(2) brackish lakes: salty
(3) rickety table: wobbly, shaky
(4) hairpin bend: very sharp bend
(5) rudimentary general stores: elementary
In simple words: 'Shaggy' means hairy, 'brackish' means salty, 'rickety' means wobbly, 'hairpin' means a very sharp turn, and 'rudimentary' means basic.

Exam Tip: Define each adjective by providing a clear, simple synonym or short explanatory phrase that captures its meaning in context.

Noticing Form

Question 1. The account has only a few passive voice sentences. Locate them. In what way does the use of active voice contribute to the style of the narrative.
Answer:
(1) Passive constructions in 'Silk Road:
1. Hor's only cafe which, like all other buildings in town, was built from badly painted concrete.
2. One of my nasal passages was blocked again.
3. I was not sure that the other would give me enough oxygen.
4. I was simply not allowed to go to sleep.
5. I'd been informed that at the peak of the pilgrimage season.
(2) Usually, when there is a story, more clarity in writing is needed; therefore, Passive voice should be avoided. Active voice is employed for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of the sentences makes the meaning easy for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complex or wordy. Hence, active voice helps the style of this narrative.
In simple words: The narrative mainly uses active voice for clarity and directness. Passive voice sentences include descriptions of the cafe's construction, the author's blocked nostril, his oxygen concerns, inability to sleep, and information about the pilgrimage season. Active voice makes the story easier to understand and more straightforward.

Exam Tip: When analyzing active vs. passive voice, provide specific examples of each and explain how the predominant voice affects the overall readability and impact of the narrative.

Question 2. Notice this construction: Tsetan was eager to have them fixed. Write five sentences with a similar structure.
Answer:
(1) The professor had the work done by his lab assistant.
(2) The judge had the lawyer defend the suspect.
(3) Rakesh got the mechanic to check his brakes.
(4) Even though she dislikes the dentist, she has her teeth cleaned regularly.
(5) The police inspector made the criminal admit his crime.
In simple words: This kind of sentence uses "have/get something done." Examples are: the professor had the work done, the judge had the lawyer defend, Rakesh got the mechanic to check, she has her teeth cleaned, and the inspector made the criminal confess.

Exam Tip: To demonstrate understanding of grammatical constructions, provide varied examples that follow the target structure closely, covering different subjects and verbs.

Things to Do

"The plateau is pockmarked with salt flats and brackish lakes, vestiges of the Tethys Ocean which bordered Tibet before the continental collision that lifted it skyward."

Given below is an extract from an account of the Tethys Ocean downloaded from the Internet. Go online, key in Tethys Ocean in Google search and 'you will find exhaustive information on this geological event. You can also consult an encyclopedia.

Today, India, Indonesia and the Indian Ocean cover the area once occupied by the Tethys Ocean. Turkey, Iraq, and Tibet sit on the land once known as Cimmeria. Most of the floor of the Tethys Ocean disappeared under Cimmeria and Laurasia. We only know that Tethys existed because geologists like Suess have found fossils of ocean creatures in rocks in the Himalayas. So, we know those rocks were underwater, before the Indian continental shelf began pushing upward as it smashed into Cimmeria. We can see similar geologic evidence in Europe, where the movement of Africa raised the Alps.

Question. What is the Tethys Ocean?
Answer: The Tethys Ocean, also known as the Tethys Sea or Neothethys, was an ocean that existed during much of the Mesozoic Era. It was situated between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, before the formation of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans during the Cretaceous period.
In simple words: The Tethys Ocean was an ancient sea during the Mesozoic Era, found between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia, before the Indian and Atlantic Oceans formed.

Exam Tip: When discussing geological formations, remember to include key geological periods and the continental movements involved.

1. Questions – Answers (Textual)

Answer the following questions in four to five sentences each:

Question 1. What was the farewell present given by Lhamo to the author when he told her that he was going to Mount Kailash?
Answer: The parting gift offered by Lhamo to the writer when he told her he was heading to Mount Kailash was a long-sleeved sheepskin coat. These coats were typically worn by shepherds. This warm coat would help protect the author from the cold on his challenging journey.
In simple words: Lhamo gave the author a long-sleeved sheepskin coat as a farewell gift when he said he was going to Mount Kailash, like those shepherds wear.

Exam Tip: For questions about specific gifts, clearly state the item and, if mentioned, its purpose or cultural significance.

Question 2. What did Tsetan say would be the only hurdle while they were on their way to Mount Kailash?
Answer: Their journey to Mount Kailash would involve traversing several high mountain passes. Tsetan knew the route very well; however, the only problem would be snow. He could not say anything for certain until they reached those areas. Snowfall could make the paths impassable and delay their travel significantly.
In simple words: Tsetan said the only challenge on their way to Mount Kailash would be snow, as they had to cross many high mountain passes, and he couldn't predict the conditions until they got there.

Exam Tip: Identify the specific obstacle mentioned and any conditions or uncertainties associated with it.

Question 3. While crossing the rocky wilderness whom did they see and what was their reaction?
Answer: While traversing the rocky wilderness, they saw solitary drokbas, who were both men and women. They were well-wrapped in sheepskin coats and were looking after their herds. They would pause and look at their car, sometimes waving as they went by. These interactions showed the remoteness of the region and the simple lives of its inhabitants.
In simple words: In the rocky wilderness, they saw lonely drokbas, men and women in sheepskin coats, tending their flocks. The drokbas would stop and watch their car, sometimes waving as it passed.

Exam Tip: Mention both who was seen and their specific reaction to the travelers' presence.

Question 4. How did the Tibetan mastiff react when they approached?
Answer: The dogs would lift their large heads when they became aware of their approach and would focus on them intently. As they got closer, they would burst into action, rushing directly towards them, as fast as a bullet from a gun and almost as quick. Their aggressive reaction was a clear territorial warning.
In simple words: When approached, the Tibetan mastiffs would raise their heads, stare, and then quickly rush towards them, like fast bullets.

Exam Tip: Use strong verbs and comparisons (like 'bullet from a gun') to vividly describe the animals' aggressive reaction.

Question 5. How did the river appear as they entered the valley?
Answer: As the river entered the valley, it became broad and was mostly choked with ice. It looked sparkling white and glimmering in the sunlight. The icy expanse created a striking visual against the surrounding landscape. The river's appearance highlighted the cold, harsh environment of the region.
In simple words: As they entered the valley, the river was wide and mostly filled with ice, looking shiny white and glinting under the sun.

Exam Tip: Focus on adjectives that describe both the physical state (wide, clogged with ice) and the visual effect (brilliant white, glinting) of the river.

Question 6. How did the author feel when they were at about 5400 metres up the sea level?
Answer: When they were at about 5400 meters above sea level, the mountain was covered with snow, and the writer felt his head throbbing badly. He took some liquid from the bottle, which was meant to aid a fast climb. The high altitude significantly affected his physical well-being.
In simple words: At 5400 meters, with snow on the mountain, the author felt a terrible headache and drank water from his bottle to help with the quick ascent.

Exam Tip: Describe the physical symptoms experienced at high altitudes and any immediate actions taken to alleviate them.

Question 7. Why is it that on the top of the mountain there is a plateau pockmarked with salt flats?
Answer: These salt flats are remnants of the Tethys Ocean, which bordered Tibet before the massive continental collision that lifted it skyward millions of years ago. The geological processes over millennia resulted in this distinctive landscape. This explanation highlights the ancient history embedded in the modern topography.
In simple words: The mountain top has salt flats because they are leftovers from the ancient Tethys Ocean, which was pushed up millions of years ago during a continental collision.

Exam Tip: When explaining geological features, refer to the historical geological events and their long-term effects on the landscape.

Question 8. What acitivity was going on in the area where there were flats of salt?
Answer: This area was very busy with activity. Men were working with pickaxes and shovels, moving back and forth in their long sheepskin coats and boots covered in salt. They were likely extracting salt, indicating a local industry in this harsh environment. The scene conveyed a sense of laborious work in extreme conditions.
In simple words: In the salt flat area, men in long sheepskin coats and salt-covered boots were busy working with pickaxes and shovels, moving back and forth.

Exam Tip: Describe the type of activity, the tools used, and any specific attire or conditions mentioned to paint a full picture.

Question 9. Describe the appearance of Hor.
Answer: Hor was a desolate place. There was no plant life at all, just dust and rocks, freely scattered with years of accumulated rubbish. The overall impression was one of neglect and harshness, lacking any redeeming features. Its barrenness contrasted sharply with expectations of a lakeside town.
In simple words: Hor was a terrible place with no plants, just dust and rocks everywhere, along with piles of old trash.

Exam Tip: Use strong descriptive words for visual elements (dust, rocks, refuse) and absence (no vegetation) to convey a clear image of the place.

Question 10. What troubled the author at Darchen?
Answer: A severe cold bothered the writer in Darchen. He was unable to get to sleep at night as his nasal passages were blocked. As he drifted off, he suddenly woke up. He felt his chest becoming very heavy, as he could not breathe enough oxygen. These symptoms were a direct result of the high altitude.
In simple words: The author was troubled by a bad cold in Darchen, causing his nose to block and making it hard to sleep or breathe due to lack of oxygen, resulting in a heavy chest feeling.

Exam Tip: List the specific symptoms and physical discomforts, linking them to the environmental conditions if the text suggests it.

Question 11. How did the Darchen medical college appear ?
Answer: The Darchen medical college was modern and looked like a monastery from the outside, with a very strong door that led into a large courtyard. The consulting room inside was dim and cold. This description suggests a blend of traditional architecture with functional medical services in a remote setting.
In simple words: The Darchen medical college looked like a new monastery from the outside, with a solid door opening into a courtyard, but its consulting room was dark and cold.

Exam Tip: Describe both the exterior (new, monastery-like) and interior (dark, cold) aspects of a building for a complete picture.

Question 12. What according to the doctor was the problem the author suffered from?
Answer: According to the doctor, the writer experienced a severe cold along with the effects of the high elevation. His nasal passage was blocked, and he could not sleep properly at night. The doctor's diagnosis confirmed the author's suspicions about his health. These combined issues were causing significant distress.
In simple words: The doctor said the author suffered from a bad cold and altitude sickness, which blocked his sinuses and prevented him from sleeping at night.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the doctor's diagnosis, including all identified problems and their symptoms.

Question 13. What did the author notice in Darchen?
Answer: In Darchen, the writer observed that the people were very calm and unhurried, but there was a significant disadvantage. There were no pilgrims in Darchen. This absence of pilgrims was a setback for the author, who had hoped for company on his spiritual journey. The relaxed atmosphere was overshadowed by the lack of fellow travelers.
In simple words: The author noticed that people in Darchen were relaxed, but the major problem was the complete absence of pilgrims.

Exam Tip: When describing observations, mention both the positive (relaxed people) and negative (no pilgrims) aspects noted by the author.

Question 14. Who was Norbu?
Answer: Norbu was a Tibetan but worked in Beijing at the Chinese Academy of Social Science, specifically in the Institute of Ethnic Literature. His academic background and Tibetan heritage made him a unique figure. He was a scholar specializing in ethnic studies, which would later prove relevant to the author's journey.
In simple words: Norbu was a Tibetan academic who worked in Beijing at the Chinese Academy of Social Science, specifically in the Institute of Ethnic Literature.

Exam Tip: When identifying a character, state their ethnicity, profession, and any specific affiliations or specialties mentioned.

Question 15. Why had Norbu come to Kailash?
Answer: Norbu had been writing academic papers about the Kailash kora and its importance in various works of Buddhist literature for many years. However, he had never actually completed it himself. Therefore, he too was there to undertake the kora. His visit was a scholarly endeavor, aimed at firsthand experience to complement his research.
In simple words: Norbu came to Kailash to perform the kora himself, as he had written many academic papers about its importance in Buddhist literature but had never actually done it.

Exam Tip: Clearly state the primary reason for the character's presence, linking it to their background or prior activities.

Question 16. How did Norbu become an ideal companion for the author?
Answer: Norbu became a perfect companion for the writer as both were academics who had escaped from the library. Both were not devoted believers, and they did not plan to prostrate themselves around the entire mountain. Their shared intellectual background and pragmatic approach to the pilgrimage made them compatible. They shared a common goal without sharing the traditional religious devotion.
In simple words: Norbu was an ideal companion because both he and the author were academics, not strictly religious, and neither intended to perform the full, prostrating pilgrimage around the mountain.

Exam Tip: Highlight the shared characteristics or common ground that made two characters compatible as companions.

Reading Comprehension (Textual)

Read the following passages and select the most appropriate options as answers to the questions given below them:

As hills started to push up once more from the rocky wilderness, we passed solitary drokbas tending their flocks. Sometimes men, sometimes women, these well-wrapped figures would pause and stare at our car, occasionally waving as we passed. When the track took us close to their animals, the sheep would take evasive action, veering away from the speeding vehicle. We passed nomads' dark tents pitched in splendid isolation, usually with a huge black dog, a Tibetan mastiff, standing guard. These beasts would cock their great big heads when they became aware of our approach and fix us in their sights. As we continued to draw closer, they would explode into action, speeding directly towards us, like a bullet from a gun and nearly as fast. These shaggy monsters, blacker than the darkest night, usually wore bright red collars and barked furiously with massive jaws. They were completely fearless of our vehicle, shooting straight into our path, causing Tsetan to brake and swerve. The dog would make chase for a hundred metres or so before easing off, having seen us off the property. It wasn't difficult to understand why ferocious Tibetan mastiffs became popular in China's imperial courts as hunting dogs, brought along the Silk Road in ancient times as tribute from Tibet.

Questions:
1. The sheep would take evasive action' means
(a) 'The sheep bleated.'
(b) 'The sheep moved away from the place.'
(c) 'The sheep started grazing.'
(d) 'The sheep followed one another.'
Answer: (b) 'The sheep moved away from the place.'
In simple words: 'Evasive action' means they moved away to avoid the fast-moving vehicle.

Exam Tip: To understand a phrase, look at its context in the passage and identify how the action described relates to the surrounding events.

2. 'These beasts would cock their great big heads' means
(a) They bent down their heads.
(b) They raised their big heads for attacking.
(c) They bleated raising their heads.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (b) They raised their big heads for attacking.
In simple words: When the dogs cocked their heads, it meant they lifted them up in preparation to attack the approaching vehicle.

Exam Tip: When interpreting a phrase, consider the subsequent actions described (e.g., "explode into action") to confirm the meaning of the initial gesture.

3. The words 'shaggy monsters' are used for
(a) sheep
(b) dogs
(c) nomads
(d) drokbas
Answer: (b) dogs
In simple words: The term 'shaggy monsters' in the passage refers to the Tibetan mastiffs, which were described as huge, black, and fierce.

Exam Tip: Identify the direct antecedent of a descriptive phrase by checking which noun it immediately follows or refers to in the text.

4. The meaning of the word 'imperial' is
(a) Royal
(b) Political
(c) Social
(d) Patriotic
Answer: (a) Royal
In simple words: The word 'imperial' means relating to an empire, emperor, or royalty.

Exam Tip: When defining a word, choose the synonym that best fits its use in the given context, especially in historical or governmental settings.

My headache soon cleared as we careered down the other side of the pass. It was two o'clock by the time we stopped for lunch. We ate hot noodles inside a long canvas tent, part of a workcamp erected beside a dry salt lake. The plateau is pockmarked with salt flats and brackish lakes, vestiges of the Tethys Ocean which bordered Tibet before the great continental collision that lifted it skyward. This one was a hive of activity, men with pickaxes and shovels trudging back and forth in their long sheepskin coats and salt-encrusted boots. All wore sunglasses against the glare as a steady stream of blue trucks emerged from the blindingly white lake laden with piles of salt. By late afternoon we had reached the small town of Hor, back on the main east-west highway that followed the old trade route from Lhasa to Kashmir. Daniel, who was returning to Lhasa, found a ride in a truck so Tsetan and I bade him farewell outside a tyre-repair shop. We had suffered two punctures in quick succession on the drive down from the salt lake and Tsetan was eager to have them fixed since they left him with no spares. Besides, the second tyre he'd changed had been replaced by one that was as smooth as my bald head.

Questions:
1. In this extract, the word 'vestiges' indicates
(a) 'symbols.'
(b) 'relics.'
(c) 'highland.'
(d) 'wastage.'
Answer: (b) 'relics.'
In simple words: 'Vestiges' refers to the remaining small parts or traces of something that once existed, like relics.

Exam Tip: Look for clues in the surrounding text (e.g., "bordered Tibet before the great continental collision") to infer the meaning of a less common word.

2. All men wore sunglasses to
(a) watch distant places.
(b) watch piles of salt.
(c) protect their eyes against the glare emerging from the blindingly white lake.
(d) watch a steady stream of blue trucks.
Answer: (c) protect their eyes against the glare emerging from the blindingly white lake.
In simple words: Men wore sunglasses to shield their eyes from the very bright light reflecting off the white salt lake.

Exam Tip: When asked about the purpose of an action, directly connect it to a problem or condition described in the passage (e.g., "blindingly white lake").

3. Daniel got a life for
(a) Lhasa
(b) Kashmir
(c) Hor
(d) None of these three
Answer: (a) Lhasa
In simple words: Daniel found a ride that would take him to Lhasa.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the specific destination mentioned for characters' travel arrangements.

4. Tsetan was eager to fix the tyre-puncture at that tyre-repair shop because
(a) without that they could not move forward.
(b) they did not have any spare-wheel if in case they needed it in their further journey.
(c) there was no other tyre-repair shop if they missed it there.
(d) None of these three
Answer: (b) they did not have any spare-wheel if in case they needed it in their further journey.
In simple words: Tsetan was keen to repair the tire because they had no extra spare wheel for the rest of their trip.

Exam Tip: Look for the direct consequence or underlying reason stated in the passage to explain a character's action.

When the time came for me to tell him what brought me to Darchen, his eyes lit up. “We could be a team,” he said excitedly. “Two academics who have escaped from the library.” Perhaps my positive thinking strategy was working after all. My initial relief at meeting Norbu, who was also staying in the guesthouse, was tempered by the realisation that he was almost as ill-equipped as I was for the pilgrimage. He kept telling me how fat he was and how hard it was going to be. “Very high up,” he kept reminding me, “so tiresome to walk.” He wasn't really a practising Buddhist, it transpired, but he had enthusiasm and he was, of course, Tibetan. Although I'd originally envisaged making the trek in the company of devout believers, on reflection I decided that perhaps Norbu would turn out to be the ideal companion. He suggested we hire some yaks to carry our luggage, which I interpreted as a good sign, and he had no intention of prostrating himself all round the mountain. “Not possible,” he cried, collapsing across the table in hysterical laughter. It wasn't his style, and anyway his tummy was too big.

Questions:
1. The meaning of the phrase 'his eyes lit up' is
(a) 'he was surprised.'
(b) 'he got excited.'
(c) 'he was shocked.'
(d) 'he became serious.'
Answer: (b) 'he got excited.'
In simple words: When someone's 'eyes lit up,' it means they became happy or enthusiastic about something.

Exam Tip: Interpret idioms by considering the context, especially surrounding words like "excitedly," to deduce the emotional meaning.

2. The meaning of the word 'transpired' is
(a) 'was disclosed.'
(b) 'was forgotten.'
(c) 'was decided.'
(d) 'was ignored.'
Answer: (a) 'was disclosed.'
In simple words: 'Transpired' means that something became known or was revealed.

Exam Tip: To define a word, replace it in the sentence with each option to see which one maintains the original meaning and flow of the text.

3. Norbu was .......... to accompany the writer for the pilgrimage.
(a) greatly excited
(b) very much determined
(c) somewhat hesitant
(d) completely indifferent
Answer: (a) greatly excited
In simple words: Norbu was very enthusiastic about joining the author on the pilgrimage.

Exam Tip: Look for explicit statements or strong emotional indicators (e.g., "his eyes lit up," "said excitedly") in the passage to determine a character's feeling or state.

Vocabulary

Grammar

Question 1. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets and write the answers only:
(approach, isolation, explode, continued, pitched, speeding, cock, standing) We passed nomads' dark tents ........................... in splendid............................, usually with a huge black dog, a Tibetan mastiff, .3.. guard. These beasts would .4. and fix us in their great big heads when they became aware of our .......5. sights. As we ..............6............ to draw closer, they would .............7.. ...8......... directly towards us, like a bullet from a gun and nearly as fast.
Answer:
1. pitched
2. isolation
3. standing
4. cock
5. approach
6. continued
7. explode
8. speeding
In simple words: Fill in the missing words from the given list to finish the passage correctly. Each blank needs one of the choices.

Exam Tip: Read the full sentence carefully to understand the context before choosing the most appropriate word for each blank. Consider both meaning and grammar.

Question 2. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words given in the brackets and write the answers only:
(pockmarked, stopped, shovels, bordered, careered, vestiges, erected, collision) My headache soon cleared as we ........................... down the other side of the pass. It was two o'clock by the time we .............................. for lunch. We ate hot noodles inside a long canvas tent, part of a work camp ................3...................... beside a dry salt lake. The plateau is ................................... with salt flats and brackish lakes, .................................... of the Tethys Ocean which ................................... Tibet before the great continental .................................... that lifted it skyward. This one was a hive of activity, men with pickaxes and .................................... trudging back and forth in their long sheepskin coats and salt-encrusted boots.
Answer:
1. careered
2. stopped
3. erected
4. pockmarked
5. vestiges
6. bordered
7. collision
8. shovels
In simple words: Choose the best words from the list to complete the sentences in the given passage.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the surrounding words and the overall meaning of each sentence to accurately select the correct word for each blank.

Rectification of Errors

Question 1. Rectify the errors in the following passages: I walked out of the medical college clutch a brown envelope. I had a five-day course of medicine which I start right away. I opened a package and find it contained a brown powder. The bedtime packages were less identified. They contained small sphere brown pellets. They looked suspicious like dung.
Answer:

In simple words: Look closely at the sentences and find the words that are used incorrectly. Then, write down the right words that should be used instead.

Exam Tip: Always proofread your writing for common grammatical errors such as incorrect verb forms, adjectives, and adverbs. Focus on tense consistency.

Question 2. The walls were wreathe in plastic sheets that is made into volume shopping bags sold in China. The cafe have a single window beside which I'd took position I'd also bring a novel with me to passing time.
Answer:

In simple words: Find the incorrect words in the sentences and replace them with the correct ones from the table.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to verb tenses and correct word usage. Many errors occur when choosing between similar-sounding words or incorrect forms.

Question 3. I had been telling at the height of the pilgrim season the town was bustle with visitors. Many bring their own tents enlarge the settlement. I'd timed my arrive at the beginning of the season
Answer:

In simple words: Identify the grammatical mistakes in the passage and replace the incorrect words with the proper ones provided.

Exam Tip: Be careful with verb forms, noun-verb agreement, and identifying appropriate word choices, especially when dealing with common errors like "telling" versus "told".

Replacing Phrases – Idioms

Question 1. The political party sized up the ticket - aspirant, (rejected, welcomed, checked out)
Answer: The political party checked out the ticket - aspirant.
In simple words: To "size up" means to evaluate or check out someone.

Exam Tip: When replacing idiomatic phrases, always choose the option that best conveys the original meaning in a direct and clear way.

Question 2. The workers of the factory resigned en masse. (in opposition, together, willingly)
Answer: The workers of the factory resigned together.
In simple words: "En masse" means that a group does something all at once, or together.

Exam Tip: Understanding Latin and French phrases commonly used in English can help in accurately interpreting idioms like "en masse."

Question 3. The fighting which started in the night had petered out by morning, (gradually stopped, became worse, turned violent)
Answer: The fighting which started in the night had gradually stopped by morning.
In simple words: When something "peters out," it means it slowly comes to an end or fades away.

Exam Tip: Context clues are vital for idioms. The phrase "by morning" suggests a process of ending, leading to "gradually stopped."

Question 4. They drove its length even if the distance was too much, (drove with great speed, rode till the destination, rode casually)
Answer: They rode till the destination even if the distance was too much.
In simple words: "Drove its length" means they traveled the entire distance of something.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to phrases implying completion or entirety, as they often hint at options like "till the destination."

Question 5. Rakesh was prone to depressions even as a teenager, (tended to suffer, immuned to, resistant to)
Answer: Rakesh was tended to suffer depressions even as a teenager.
In simple words: To be "prone to" something means you are likely to experience it or tend to suffer from it.

Exam Tip: Words like "prone" indicate a predisposition or tendency, guiding you to choose answers that suggest likelihood or susceptibility.

Punctuations

Question 1. Punctuate the following passage: Tsetan sized me up as we clambered into his car ah yes he declared drokba sir we took a short cut to get off changtang.
Answer: Tsetan sized me up as we clambered into his car. “Ah, yes,” he declared, “drokba, sir.” We took a short cut to get off changtang.
In simple words: Add all the missing punctuation marks like commas, periods, and quotation marks to the passage to make it easy to read.

Exam Tip: Remember to use quotation marks for direct speech, commas for pauses and separating clauses, and periods to end sentences.

Indirect Narration

Question 1. Sandhya: Why is your voice so changed? Why are you behaving like this ? Did bibiji say anything? Nardev: Yes she did. Sandhya: What ? Nardev: How does that concern you ? Sandhya : What are you saying ? Tell me, what happened.
Answer: Sandhya asked Nardev why his voice was so changed. She further asked why he was behaving like that and added if bibiji had said anything to him. Nardev informed her that she had said. Sandhya asked him what she had said. Nardev counter questioned her how that did concern her. Sandhya asked him what he was saying. She asked him to tell her what had happened.
In simple words: Change the direct conversation between Sandhya and Nardev into a reported speech, where someone else is telling what they said.

Exam Tip: When converting to indirect narration, remember to change pronouns, verb tenses, and time/place expressions as needed, and replace question marks with reporting verbs like 'asked' or 'inquired'.

Question 2. Kanhaiya Kaka: Bahu, Deepak went so early in the morning today. Sandhya: Where ? Kanhaiya Kaka: You know where ? I saw him carrying an attache case! Sandhya: Carrying an attache case !
Answer: Addressing Sandhya as Bahu Kanhaiya Kaka told her that Deepak had gone away very early in the morning that day. Sandhya asked him where had Deepak gone. Kanhaiya Kaka expressed his surprise and commented that she knew where he went and informed her that he had seen him carrying an attache case. Being surprised Sandhya said to herself that could he' be carrying an attache case.
In simple words: Convert the dialogue from direct speech to indirect speech, reporting what each person said without using their exact words.

Exam Tip: Ensure that all exclamations and questions are properly rephrased as statements or inquiries in the indirect form, adjusting tenses and pronouns.

Question 3. Nurse: I'm sorry, but we can't use your blood. Lady: Why not ? Nurse: The doctor will explain. Take this to your doctor. He will explain everything to you.
Answer: The nurse expressed her regret to the lady that she couldn't use her blood. The lady asked why she could not do so. The nurse told her that the doctor would explain. The nurse asked the lady politely to take it (the report) to her doctor and added that he would explain everything to her.
In simple words: Rewrite the conversation between the nurse and the lady in reported speech.

Exam Tip: Remember to use appropriate reporting verbs (e.g., expressed regret, asked, told) and convert direct questions into indirect questions by changing the word order and removing question marks.

Transformation of Sentences

Question 1. One evening I had told her through Daniel that I was heading towards Mount Kailash. (Make simple.)
Answer: One evening I had told her through Daniel about my heading towards Mount Kailash.
In simple words: Change the long sentence into a simpler version that means the same thing.

Exam Tip: To make a sentence simple, look for ways to reduce clauses or combine information without losing any essential meaning. Often, "that" clauses can be rephrased.

Question 2. After ducking back into her tent, she emerged carrying one of the long-sleeved sheepskin coats. (Make complex.)
Answer: After she ducked back into her tent, she emerged carrying one of the long-sleeved sheepskin coats.
In simple words: Transform this sentence into a more complex one, adding a dependent clause.

Exam Tip: A complex sentence combines an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. Look for conjunctions like "after," "while," "because," or "although" to introduce dependent clauses.

Question 3. As hills started to push up once more, we passed the solitary drokbas. (Use No sooner... than)
Answer: No sooner did the hills start to push up once more, than we passed the solitary drokbas.
In simple words: Rewrite the sentence using "No sooner... than" to show that one event quickly followed another.

Exam Tip: When using "No sooner... than," always invert the subject and verb in the "no sooner" clause (e.g., "No sooner did..." or "No sooner had...").

Question 4. When I explained my sleepless symptoms he shot a few questions at me. (Change voice.)
Answer: When my sleepless symptoms were explained to him he shot a few questions at me.
In simple words: Change the sentence from active voice to passive voice, or vice versa, while keeping the meaning.

Exam Tip: To change from active to passive voice, make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence, and use a form of "to be" with the past participle of the main verb.

Question 5. We found a consulting room which was dark and cold. (Make compound.)
Answer: We found a consulting room and this room was dark and cold.
In simple words: Rewrite the sentence by joining two independent clauses to make a compound sentence.

Exam Tip: A compound sentence connects two or more independent clauses, usually with a coordinating conjunction like "and," "but," "or," "for," "nor," "so," or "yet."

Question 6. I tried propping myself upright but now ! I couldn't manage to relax. (Begin with 'though'.)
Answer: Though I tried to propping myself upright I couldn't manage to relax now.
In simple words: Start the sentence with the word "though" to show a contrast between two ideas.

Exam Tip: "Though" introduces a subordinate clause, indicating a concession or contrast. Make sure the main clause follows logically to complete the thought.

Question 7. Tired and hungry, I started breathing through my mouth. (Begin with being'.)
Answer: Being tired and hungry I started breathing through the mouth.
In simple words: Rewrite the sentence starting with "Being" to describe the condition that led to the action.

Exam Tip: Using "Being" at the start of a sentence often introduces a participial phrase that describes the state or reason for the action in the main clause.

Question 8. The rudimentary stores sold Chinese cigarettes and usual strings of prayer flags. (Use 'not only but also'.)
Answer: The rudimentary stores sold not only the usual strings of prayer flags but also Chinese cigarettes.
In simple words: Rewrite the sentence to show that the stores sold two different types of items.

Exam Tip: The correlative conjunction "not only... but also" is used to emphasize that two elements are equally important or true. Ensure parallel structure between the two parts.

Question 9. Norbu asked me if he could sit opposite me. (Use 'permission'.)
Answer: Norbu asked my permission to allow him to sit opposite to me.
In simple words: Rewrite the sentence to indicate that Norbu requested permission to sit.

Exam Tip: When using "permission," you can phrase it as "asked for permission" or "asked my permission to do something," which simplifies the sentence structure.

Question 10. One afternoon I sat pondering over my options. (Use 'and')
Answer: One afternoon I sat and pondered over my actions.
In simple words: Combine two related actions using the word "and" to make one smooth sentence.

Exam Tip: "And" is a coordinating conjunction used to connect two grammatically similar elements, often verbs or clauses, implying that they occur together or in sequence.

Silk Road Summary in English

Silk Road Introduction:

Nick Middleton (born 1960) is a physical geographer and a supernumerary fellow at St. Anne's College, Oxford. He specializes in desertification. As a geographer, he has journeyed to more than 50 nations. His television programme 'Going to Extremes' helps him experience life in the harsh conditions other cultures must face. He has also appeared on BBC 2's 'Through the Keyhole'. His other works include 'Atlas of the World Issue', 'Desertification', and 'The Global Casino'. These are some books written by him. He is also the recipient of 'A Royal Geographical Society Award'.

'Silk Road' is a trade network connecting China to the Far East, Middle East, and Europe. These silk routes remained active for trade until 1453 A.D. These trade routes significantly impacted commerce, culture, and history.

Silk Road Summary:

The author began his journey from Ravu with Tsetan and Daniel. They were heading towards Mount Kailash, aiming to complete the kora. The author had informed Lhamo about their departure for Mt. Kailash. She presented him with a long-sleeved sheepskin coat to shield him from the cold. Tsetan proved to be a skilled driver. He was familiar with the route that would lead them to Mount Kailash. Along their path, they observed gazelles gently eating grass. Later, they encountered herds of various animals.

They passed drokbas, who were tending to their flocks. There were also tents of nomads. Their massive dogs, guarding them, accompanied them. These dogs were quite fierce. They could now observe the snow-capped mountains. The turns on the roads became much sharper. As they gained altitude, the author felt pressure building up in his ears.

They were at 5,210 meters above sea level. The road was covered in snow. They were concerned that their car might tip over. Both Daniel and the author threw handfuls of dirt across the frozen surface. They could then continue their journey. By this point, they were 5,400 meters above sea level as they kept climbing. They stopped the car and opened the petrol tank's lid to release gas that had built up due to low atmospheric pressure, which expanded the fuel.

They were now crossing a pass. After some time, they reached the other side of the pass. At two o'clock, they paused for lunch and ate hot noodles inside a large canvas tent. A work camp had been set up beside a dry salt lake. The plateau was covered with salt flats and small parts of the Tethys Ocean, which bordered Tibet. This area was bustling with activities. The workmen there wore sunglasses to protect their eyes from the glare. Trucks were emerging, loaded with piles of salt.

By late afternoon, they arrived at the town of Hor. They were back on the main east-west highway, which followed the old trade route from Lhasa to Kashmir. At this point, Daniel returned to Lhasa. The author and Tsetan had two tires repaired. Hor was a grim, miserable place. There was no plant life, only dust, rocks, and accumulated trash. The town was located on the shore of Lake Manasarovar, an ancient Hindu and Buddhist holy site. It is also the source of four major rivers: the Ganges, the Sutlej, the Indus, and the Brahmaputra. Only the Sutlej flows from the lake; the other three originate on the slopes of Mt. Kailash. The author had tea at the only cafe in Hor. Later, they drove on to Mt. Kailash.

After 10:30 pm, they drove on to Darchen. They were 4760 meters above sea level. One of his nostrils was blocked. He started breathing through his mouth. However, when he sat up, the movement cleared his nostril. But he could not get to sleep.

Tsetan took the author to the Darchen medical college the next morning. A Tibetan doctor treated him. He said it was the effect of the cold and the altitude. When asked, the doctor told him he would be able to do the kora. He left the hospital with a packet containing 15 days of medicine. That night, the author slept well.

Later, Tsetan returned to Lhasa. Darchen gave him a clear view of the Himalayas. However, there were no other pilgrims. The author had journeyed all the way to complete the Kora, which is a Tibetan pilgrimage and a type of meditative practice. While sitting in the cafe, the author met Norbu. They became friends. Norbu was a Tibetan who worked for the Chinese Academy of Social Science in Beijing. He had also come to complete the kora. He was pleased to meet the author because both were academics. Norbu suggested that they should hire yaks to carry their luggage.