GSEB Class 11 English Hornbill Chapter 4 Landscape of the Soul Solutions

Understanding the Text

Question 1. Contrast the Chinese view of art with the European view with examples.
Answer: The Chinese paintings often rely on an imaginative, inner, or spiritual approach, while European paintings mostly show an actual view of a real, outer object. The artworks of Wu Daozi and later painters from Europe clearly demonstrate this difference.
In simple words: Chinese art focuses on inner feelings and spiritual ideas, while European art shows real-world objects exactly as they appear.

Exam Tip: When comparing and contrasting, always highlight the key differences clearly and support them with specific examples from the text, like the artists mentioned.

Question 2. Explain the concept of shanshui.
Answer: Shanshui, meaning 'mountain-water', refers to a Chinese painting style that includes natural landscapes. This landscape is an inner one, a spiritual and thoughtful area. It also shows the two balancing elements ('yin' and 'yang'), which reflect the Daoist way of seeing the world.
In simple words: Shanshui is a Chinese art style showing nature, especially mountains and water. It's about an inner, spiritual place and connects to Daoist ideas of balance (yin and yang).

Exam Tip: When defining concepts, break them down into their core components and explain their significance in context, such as the philosophical basis for 'shanshui'.

Question 3. What do you understand by the terms ‘outsider art' and 'art brut' or 'raw art'?
Answer: 'Outsider art' means works by artists who never formally learned art but still showed great skill and a clear artistic mind. 'Art brut' or 'raw art' refers to artworks in their original state, without any outside art or culture changing them.
In simple words: 'Outsider art' is made by people without formal training who still have artistic talent. 'Art brut' or 'raw art' is art in its raw form, untouched by mainstream art ideas.

Exam Tip: Differentiate clearly between similar terms. Focus on the core meaning of each term as defined in the context of the chapter.

Question 4. Who was the 'untutored genius who created a paradise' and what is the nature of his contribution to art?
Answer: The 'untutored genius' who created a wonderful place was Nek Chand, an 80-year-old creator-director who built the very famous rock garden at Chandigarh. His work was an 'outsider art' in which he shaped things using stone and materials that were thrown away. He took all kinds of items, from a metal can to a sink or a wrecked car, to create a work of art. One of his well-known pieces is 'Women by the Waterfall'.
In simple words: Nek Chand, a self-taught artist, made the famous Rock Garden in Chandigarh. He created art using stones and recycled waste, showing that anything could be art.

Exam Tip: Remember to include both the name of the person and the specific details of their artistic contribution for full marks.

Talking about the Text

Discuss the following statements in groups of four:

Question 1. The Emperor may rule over the territory he has conquered, but only the artist knows the way within.
Answer: This sentence shows that even if an Emperor controlled an entire kingdom and could command his conquered territory, only an artist would be able to go beyond what things look like. He understands both the way and the process of the hidden workings of nature. The real purpose of his art is clear only by means known to him, no matter how strong an emperor might be.
In simple words: An Emperor controls lands, but an artist truly understands the deeper, unseen truths of the world, which is a greater power.

Exam Tip: When discussing philosophical statements, break down the metaphor (Emperor vs. Artist) and explain what each represents in terms of power and understanding.

Question 2. 'The landscape is an inner one, a spiritual and conceptual space.'
Answer: This phrase shows Chinese art, where a Chinese painter wants you to understand his thoughts instead of just seeing what he saw. This involves both a body and mind involvement. It's a landscape made by the artist for you to explore, moving all around, as seen by the person looking at it. The landscape is not 'real' and can be entered from anywhere.
In simple words: This means Chinese landscape art isn't just a picture you look at; it's a mental journey into a spiritual place, where you explore the artist's mind and feelings.

Exam Tip: Explain how Chinese art emphasizes interaction and a deeper understanding, contrasting it with the visual realism of Western art.

Thinking About Language

Question 1. Find out the correlates of Yin and Yang in other cultures.
Answer: Indian culture greatly focuses on Nature and God. Nature is the 'Yin' or female side, while God, the creator, is the male side. This idea is also called 'Maya' or 'Brahma'. The combination of these two makes up the whole world, all its parts and the living things in it.
In simple words: In Indian culture, Yin and Yang are like Nature (female) and God (male), often called Maya or Brahma. Together, they create everything in the world.

Exam Tip: When providing cultural correlates, ensure the comparison clearly links the core concepts (e.g., feminine/masculine, receptive/active) across cultures.

Question 2. What is the language spoken in Flanders?
Answer: Dutch language is spoken in Flanders, which is a region in Belgium.
In simple words: People in Flanders, Belgium, speak Dutch.

Exam Tip: For factual questions, provide direct and concise information without unnecessary elaboration.

Working With Words

The following common words are used in more than one sense: panel, studio, brush, essence, material

Examine the following sets of sentences to find out what the words, 'panel' and 'essence' mean in different contexts:

Question 1.
(1) The masks from Bawa village in Mali look like long panels of decorated wood.
(2) Judge H. Hobart Grooms told the jury panel he had heard the reports.
(3) The panel is laying the groundwork for an international treaty.
(4) The glass panels of the window were broken.
(5) Through the many round tables, workshops and panel discussions, a consensus was reached.
(6) The sink in the hinged panel above the bunk drains into the head.
Answer:
Panel
(1) flat, decorated boards of wood.
(2) a group of men chosen to give a united decision on a legal case.
(3) a group of experts.
(4) window sections.
(5) group talks.
(6) a flat board fixed with a hinge.
In simple words: 'Panel' can mean a flat piece of material, a group of chosen people (like a jury or experts), or a part of a discussion.

Exam Tip: When a word has multiple meanings, provide a distinct, clear definition for each usage shown in the examples.

Question 2.
(1) Their repetitive structure must have taught the people around the great composer the essence of music.
(2) Part of the answer is in the proposition; but the essence is in the meaning.
(3) The implications of these schools of thought are of practical essence for the teacher.
(4) They had added vanilla essence to the pudding.
Answer:
Essence
(1) The most important quality of something that makes it what it is.
(2) the main part.
(3) real importance.
(4) liquid taken from vanilla that holds a strong smell and flavor.
In simple words: 'Essence' can refer to the core quality of something, its main idea, its practical importance, or a concentrated liquid for flavor or scent.

Exam Tip: For words with varied meanings, ensure your definitions capture the specific nuance of the word in each sentence it appears.

Question 3. Now find five sentences each for the rest of the words to show the different senses in which each of them is used.
Answer: The student should find sentences for the other three words, which are 'studio', 'brush', and 'material', to demonstrate their various meanings.
Studio:
1. An artist's workspace where they create art. (e.g., "The painter worked in his quiet studio.")
2. A place where films, television shows, or music are recorded. (e.g., "The band recorded their new song in the music studio.")
3. A company that makes movies or TV shows. (e.g., "The film studio announced a new blockbuster.")
4. A small apartment with one main room. (e.g., "She lived in a cozy studio apartment downtown.")
5. A place where radio or television programs are broadcast. (e.g., "The news anchor reported live from the studio.")
Brush:
1. A tool with bristles for painting, cleaning, or grooming. (e.g., "He used a wide brush to paint the wall.")
2. To lightly touch or sweep something. (e.g., "She felt a soft brush against her arm.")
3. A brief, light conflict or encounter. (e.g., "The soldiers had a brush with the enemy patrol.")
4. A thick growth of shrubs or small trees. (e.g., "The rabbit hid in the dense brush.")
5. To clean or smooth with a brush. (e.g., "Remember to brush your teeth twice a day.")
Material:
1. The matter from which a thing is made or can be made. (e.g., "Wood is a common material for building houses.")
2. Cloth or fabric. (e.g., "She bought some flowered material to make a dress.")
3. Information or ideas used in creating something. (e.g., "The author gathered research material for his book.")
4. Relevant or important information. (e.g., "The witness provided material evidence to the court.")
5. Of or relating to the physical world rather than the spiritual or intellectual. (e.g., "He was more concerned with material wealth than happiness.")
In simple words: For words like 'studio', 'brush', and 'material', you need to write five sentences for each to show their different meanings, just like the examples for 'panel' and 'essence'.

Exam Tip: When generating answers for multiple-meaning words, aim for diverse contexts that clearly highlight each distinct sense of the word. Providing a range of sentences helps illustrate the flexibility of language.

Noticing Form

• A classical Chinese landscape is not meant to show an actual View, as would a Western figurative painting.
• Whereas the European painter wants you to see through his eyes and look at a particular landscape exactly as he saw it, from a specific angle, the Chinese painter does not choose a single viewpoint.

Combine the following sets of ideas to show the contrast between them:

Question 1.
(i) European art tries to achieve a perfect, illusionistic likeness.
(ii) Asian art tries to capture the essence of inner life and spirit.
Answer: While European art tries to achieve a perfect, very real-looking copy, Asian art, on the other hand, tries to capture the true feeling of inner life and spirit.
In simple words: European art aims for perfect realism, but Asian art seeks to show the deep inner life and spirit.

Exam Tip: Use contrasting conjunctions like "while" or "whereas" to effectively combine ideas that highlight differences.

Question 2.
(i) The Emperor commissions a painting and appreciates its outer appearance.
(ii) The artist reveals to him the true meaning of his work.
Answer: Even though the Emperor ordered a painting and likes how it looks, it is the artist who shows him what his art really means.
In simple words: The Emperor admires the painting's look, but the artist explains its real, deeper meaning.

Exam Tip: Focus on emphasizing the shift in understanding from superficial appreciation to deeper insight when combining such statements.

Question 3.
(i) The Emperor may rule over the territory he has conquered.
(ii) The artist knows the way within.
Answer: Despite the Emperor controlling the territory he has conquered, the artist knows the way within.
In simple words: An Emperor rules land he won, but only the artist truly understands the inner truths.

Exam Tip: For contrasting ideas, ensure the combined sentence clearly sets up the opposing concepts using appropriate linking words like "despite" or "even though."

Things To Do

Question 1. Find out about as many Indian schools of painting as you can. Write a short note on the distinctive features of each school.
Answer: Various Indian schools of painting are listed below:
Bengal School of Art; Patna Qalaam (or, Patna School of Paintings); Madhubani paintings, Rajasthani paintings, Pattachitra paintings, Mysore paintings, etc.
Distinctive features of different schools of painting are given below:
Bengal School of Art
Emerging in early 20th century India during the British Raj (the period of British rule over the Indian subcontinent that ended in 1947), the Bengal School of Art sought to set up a unique Indian art that honored its own local culture rather than Western art and culture. Ernest Binfield Havell, a teacher at the Calcutta Art School, was key to starting the movement. Saying no to the usual art school ways typically promoted in British art schools, he helped students find Mughal art—art made under the Mughal empire in Southern Asia between 1526 and 1857—a curriculum that was strongly argued against by the faculty, students, and press.
With the young painter Abanindranath Tagore, Havell went on to lead a new art movement that loved India and was modern, celebrating historical, spiritual, and artistic Indian traditions. Made up of many different artists that included Gaganendranath Tagore, Abdur Rahman Chugtai, and Ganesh Pyne, the Bengal School of Art also included ideas from Far Eastern art, such as the Japanese wash technique.
Patna Qalaam OR Patna School of Paintings
Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam or company painting is a style of Indian painting, which was present in Bihar, India, during the 1700s and 1800s. Patna Qalaam was the world's first independent school of painting which focused only on everyday people and their way of life, and this also helped Patna Kalam paintings become more well-known. Patna style of painting was called miniature painting, which shows normal people and their lives. These paintings were done directly, without using a pencil first to draw the outlines of painting. Painters used to get colors from local sources.
Madhubani paintings: It is a style of Indian painting, made in the Mithila area of Bihar state. They have flat pictures, and the colors used came from plants.
Rajasthani paintings: As Hindu-rulers of Rajputana kept strong political and social ties to the Mughal court, one can see a lot of Mughal style on paintings here. Shaped by the local environment, miniature paintings possess a special look; hills and valleys, palace meetings and hunting trips, holy celebrations, parades, and stories from the life of Lord Krishna—a widely loved Hindu God in India—are common themes.
Pattachitra paintings: “Patta” literally means “cloth” and “Chitra” means "picture" in Sanskrit. The pattachitra painting tradition is closely linked with the worship of Lord Jagannath. Stories from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and of Radha and Krishna are the other main subjects.
Mysore paintings: It is an important kind of classical South Indian painting that began in the city of Mysore in Karnataka. The ideas for many of these artworks are Hindu gods and goddesses and stories from Hindu ancient tales.
In simple words: Many Indian painting schools exist, like Bengal, Patna, Madhubani, Rajasthani, Pattachitra, and Mysore. Each has unique features; for example, Bengal art celebrated Indian heritage, Patna art showed common life, Madhubani uses plant colors, Rajasthani shows Mughal influence, Pattachitra focuses on Hindu deities, and Mysore on Hindu mythology.

Exam Tip: When describing multiple schools, list them clearly and then use distinct sub-headings for each to ensure readability and organization. Highlight 2-3 unique features for each school.

Question 2. Find out about experiments in recycling that help in environmental conservation.
Answer: Experiments in recycling that help in protecting the environment are given below:
The uranium remaining after being made into atomic weapons and power for nuclear reactors is called used-up uranium, and it is employed by all parts of the U.S. army for bullets that go through armor and for protection. Paper bags, chocolate boxes, gift boxes, and corporate gifts are recycled handmade paper products. Growing from its fame for strong, eco-friendly fabric answers, Glen Raven custom fabrics has launched Heritage, a Sunbrella furniture fabric with half its material from recycled sources.
In simple words: Recycling helps save the environment. Examples include using depleted uranium for military armor, making new paper products from recycled paper, and creating furniture fabric with recycled content.

Exam Tip: When listing examples, ensure they are distinct and clearly illustrate the principle of environmental conservation through recycling.

Questions - Answers (Textual)

Answer the following questions in four to five sentences each:

Question 1. What happened to Wu Daozi?
Answer: Wu Daozi applauded, and the cave's opening appeared. He went inside the cave, and the entrance shut after him. Then he did not return. Before the shocked Emperor could not stir or speak, the artwork was gone from the wall. No sign of Wu Daozi's brush or the artist was ever seen again.
In simple words: Wu Daozi opened a cave in his painting, entered it, and then the entrance closed. Both he and his painting vanished forever, surprising the Emperor.

Exam Tip: For narrative questions, recount the events in chronological order, capturing all key actions and their immediate consequences.

Question 2. What is the content of the books by Confucius and Zuangzi? What do they reveal?
Answer: The books written by Confucius and Zhuangzi are filled with short stories. They are a key part of China's classical education. They clearly show the mood in which art was seen.
In simple words: The books by Confucius and Zhuangzi contain many short stories. They are important for Chinese classical education and show how art was understood.

Exam Tip: Identify both the primary content and the deeper significance (what they reveal) when answering questions about texts or concepts.

Question 3. Who was Quinten Metsys? Why was he not allowed to marry the girl he loved?
Answer: Quinten Metsys was a skilled metalworker. He cared for a painter's daughter. The girl's father did not want a son-in-law with that job, so Quinten was not allowed to wed the girl he cared for.
In simple words: Quinten Metsys was a blacksmith who loved a painter's daughter. Her father didn't approve of his profession, so he couldn't marry her.

Exam Tip: Provide both parts of a two-part question clearly. State who the person was and then explain the reason for the situation.

Question 4. What happens in the Chinese story?
Answer: In the Chinese story, the Emperor ordered a painting and likes how it looks. But the artist shows him what his art really means.
In simple words: In the Chinese story, the Emperor admires a painting, but the artist then reveals the deeper meaning behind his work.

Exam Tip: Briefly summarize the main events or core message of the story in question.

Question 5. What do the two Chinese stories illustrate?
Answer: The two Chinese stories show what each kind of art—Western Art and Chinese (Asian) Art—is trying to achieve. In Europe, there is a perfect, very real-looking copy, while in Asia, there is the true feeling of inner life and spirit.
In simple words: The two stories show that Western art aims for perfect realism, while Chinese (Asian) art seeks to capture the inner spiritual essence.

Exam Tip: When asked what stories illustrate, identify the core lesson or comparison they demonstrate.

Question 6. What is the third element in Daoism? What is it compared with?
Answer: The third element in Daoism is the empty space in the middle. It is frequently missed. It can be compared with the yoga breathing exercise 'pranayama', which means 'breathe in, retain, breathe out'—the holding of breath is the Void where deep thought happens.
In simple words: The third element in Daoism is the "Middle Void," which is often overlooked. It is similar to the breath-holding phase in yoga's 'pranayama', a space for meditation.

Exam Tip: Define the concept and then clearly state the comparison, ensuring both parts of the question are addressed.

Question 7. Write Wu Daozi's story.
Answer: Wu Daozi was a Chinese painter who lived in the eighth century. Tang Emperor Xuanzong hired him to paint a palace wall. The Emperor was pleased with the artwork. It had woods, tall mountains, water falling, clouds moving in the air, people on small roads, and birds flying. Once the painter told the Emperor that in that cave, at the base of the mountain, a spirit lived.
The painter applauded, and the cave's opening appeared. Inside the cave was amazing, more than words could say. Then the painter went inside the cave, but the entrance shut after him. Before the shocked Emperor could not stir or speak, the artwork was gone from the wall. No sign of Wu Daozi's brush or the artist was ever seen again.
In simple words: Wu Daozi, a Chinese painter, created a beautiful landscape for an Emperor. He opened a cave within the painting, entered it, and then both he and the artwork vanished, leaving the Emperor astonished.

Exam Tip: Narrate the story in a clear, sequential manner, ensuring all key details like the characters, setting, actions, and resolution are included.

Question 8. Write the story of Quinten Metsys.
Answer: A skilled metalworker named Quinten Metsys lived in Antwerp in the 1400s. He cared for a painter's daughter. The father would not accept a son-in-law with that job, so he was not ready to get his daughter married to him. Once Quinten quietly went into the painter's workspace and drew a fly on his newest artwork.
The fly seemed so real, the father tried to hit it away. Because of this, he straight away accepted Quinten as a student into his workspace. Later he married the painter's daughter and later became a very well-known painter of his time.
In simple words: Quinten Metsys, a blacksmith, loved a painter's daughter, but her father disapproved of his profession. Quinten secretly painted a hyper-realistic fly on the painter's work, tricking him. Impressed, the painter accepted Quinten as an apprentice, who later married his daughter and became a famous painter.

Exam Tip: Highlight the turning point in the story (the painted fly) and its immediate impact on the characters' relationships and Quinten's career.

Question 9. Give comparison between a Chinese painter and a Western painter.
Answer: The European painter wants you to see through his eyes and view a certain landscape just as he did, from one fixed spot. However, the Chinese painter does not pick just one angle. His landscape is not a true-to-life one, and you can enter it from anywhere, then move through it. The Chinese artist makes a way for your eyes to wander around, slowly and freely. The Chinese painter does not want you to see through his eyes; he wants you to understand his thoughts. The landscape is an inner one, a soulful and thoughtful place.
In simple words: A Western painter wants you to see a scene exactly as they did from one viewpoint. A Chinese painter, however, wants you to enter their mind and spiritually explore the landscape from any point.

Exam Tip: Structure your comparison by first describing one style, then introducing the other using contrasting words, and concluding with a summary of the fundamental difference in approach.

Question 10. Write about Nek Chand and his Rock Garden sculpture, at Chandigarh.
Answer: Nek Chand is an 80-year-old creator-director. He is now seen as India's greatest helper for outsider art. Years ago, he cleared a small jungle area and built a garden using shaped stones and old materials. Today, it is known to the world as the Rock Garden at Chandigarh. He thinks that every item, from a metal can to a sink or a wrecked car, could be used for art.
In simple words: Nek Chand, an 80-year-old, is famous for creating the Rock Garden in Chandigarh. He transformed a jungle patch into art using stones and recycled waste, becoming a major contributor to outsider art in India.

Exam Tip: Include key biographical details about Nek Chand and vividly describe the origin and nature of his unique creation, the Rock Garden.

Reading Comprehension (Textual)

Read the following passages and select the most appropriate options as answers to the questions given below them:

A WONDERFUL old tale is told about the painter Wu Daozi, who lived in the eighth century.
His last painting was a landscape commissioned by the Tang Emperor Xuanzong to decorate a palace wall. The master had hidden his work behind a screen, so only the Emperor would see it. For a long while, the Emperor admired the wonderful scene, discovering forests, high mountains, waterfalls, clouds floating in an immense sky, men on hilly paths, birds in flight. ‘Look, Sire', said the painter, 'in this cave, at the foot of the mountain, dwells a spirit.' The painter clapped his hands and the entrance to the cave opened.
The inside is splendid, beyond anything words can convey. Please let me show Your Majesty the way.' The painter entered the cave; but the entrance closed behind him and before the astonished Emperor could move or utter a word, the painting had vanished from the wall. Not a trace of Wu Daozi's brush was left-and the artist was never seen again in this world.

Question 1. What did the emperor Xuanzong commission the landscape of Wu Daozi for?
(a) Preparing his last painting.
(b) Decorating the palace wall.
(c) Placing it in his court-room.
(d) Bringing about awareness about painting.
Answer: (b) Decorating the palace wall.
In simple words: The Emperor ordered Wu Daozi's painting to adorn the palace wall.

Exam Tip: Always re-read the specific line in the passage that directly answers the question to avoid errors.

Question 2. The subject of Wu Daozi's painting was/were.
(a) high mountains.
(b) waterfalls.
(c) clouds floating in an immense sky.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Wu Daozi's painting featured high mountains, waterfalls, and clouds in the sky.

Exam Tip: When given "All of the options" as a choice, ensure all listed options are indeed present and correct in the text.

Question 3. In the end ..........
(a) the painter disappeared.
(b) the painting vanished from the wall.
(c) the painting got spoiled.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)
In simple words: In the end, both the painter and the painting disappeared.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to the conclusion of the story to accurately identify all final outcomes.

Question 4. The word used to address the king with respect in the passage is .............
(a) Sire.
(b) Your Majesty.
(c) Emperor.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)
In simple words: The king was respectfully addressed as "Sire" and "Your Majesty."

Exam Tip: When identifying respectful forms of address, check for all terms used in the passage, not just the most common one.

In fifteenth century Antwerp, a master blacksmith called Quinten Metsys fell in love with a painter's daughter. The father would not accept a son-in-law in such a profession. So Quinten sneaked into the painter's studio and painted a fly on his latest panel, with such delicate realism that the master tried to swat it away before he realised what had happened. Quinten was immediately admitted as an apprentice into his studio. He married his beloved and went on to become one of the most famous painters of his age.
These two stories illustrate what each form of art is trying to achieve : a perfect, illusionistic likeness in Europe, the essence of inner life and spirit in Asia.

Question 1. The girl's father was not ready to get his daughter married with Quinten Metsys because ...............
(a) he was a road side painter.
(b) he was a low-profile blacksmith.
(c) he was not rich.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (b) he was a low-profile blacksmith.
In simple words: The father opposed the marriage because Quinten was a blacksmith, a profession he deemed unsuitable.

Exam Tip: For cause-and-effect questions, locate the direct reason stated in the passage for the specific event.

Question 2. The fly on the panel looked ...................
(a) so dirty that the master tried to swat it away.
(b) so nice that the master wanted to get it painted on every wall of the palace.
(c) so real that the master tried to swat it away.
(d) All of these three
Answer: (c) so real that the master tried to swat it away.
In simple words: The fly looked so lifelike that the painter tried to hit it away.

Exam Tip: Distinguish between the effect (tried to swat it away) and the cause (it looked real) when choosing the correct option.

Question 3. What reward did Quinten Metsys get for his realistic painting?
(a) He was admitted as an apprentice into the painter's studio.
(b) He was allowed to marry his beloved.
(c) He was given a royal gift.
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)
In simple words: Quinten was rewarded by being accepted as an apprentice and allowed to marry the painter's daughter.

Exam Tip: Ensure you include all positive outcomes mentioned in the passage as rewards for the action.

Question 4. What term is used in the passage for the art that Quinten Metsys performed by painting a fly on the palace wall?
(a) Illusionistic
(b) Delicate
(c) Apprentice
(d) Illustrate
Answer: (a) Illusionistic
In simple words: The art Quinten Metsys performed by painting the fly is called illusionistic because it created an illusion.

Exam Tip: Relate the specific action (painting a realistic fly) to the art term that best describes its quality (illusionistic).

This concept is expressed as shanshui, literally ‘mountain-water' which used together represent the world 'landscape'. More than two' elements of an image, these represent two complementary poles, reflecting the Daoist view of the universe. The mountain is Yang - reaching vertically towards Heaven, stable, warm, and dry in the sun, while the water is Yin – horizontal and resting on the earth, fluid, moist and cool.

Question 1. The word 'landscape' is combination of .................
(a) 'Shan' and 'Shui'.
(b) Mountain and Water.
(c) 'Yang' and 'Yin'.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: The word 'landscape' combines 'Shan' (mountain), 'Shui' (water), and also represents 'Yang' and 'Yin'.

Exam Tip: When a question asks for combinations, identify all components listed in the passage that contribute to the concept.

The interaction of Yin, the receptive, feminine aspect of universal energy, and its counterpart Yang, active and masculine, is of course a fundamental notion of Daoism. What is often overlooked is an essential third element, the Middle Void where their interaction takes place. This can be compared with the yogic practice of pranayama; breathe in, retain, breathe out-the suspension of breath is the Void where meditation occurs. The Middle Void is essential – nothing can happen without it; hence the importance of the white, unpainted space in Chinese landscape.

Question 1. The word 'landscape' is combination of ....................
(a) 'Shan' and 'Shui'.
(b) Mountain and Water.
(c) 'Yang' and 'Yin'.
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: The word 'landscape' is formed from 'Shan', 'Shui', 'Yang', and 'Yin'.

Exam Tip: Ensure all mentioned components that make up the word's meaning are included in your answer.

Question 2. According to the Daoist view, 'Yang' is ....................
(a) vertical.
(b) horizontal.
(c) void.
(d) Both 'A' and 'B'
Answer: (a) vertical.
In simple words: In Daoism, 'Yang' is seen as vertical.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to descriptive words associated with each concept (e.g., vertical for Yang, horizontal for Yin) in the passage.

Question 3. The interaction between 'Yang' and 'Yin' is compared with ....................
(a) Yog.
(b) Pranayam.
(c) Universal energy.
(d) Void.
Answer: (b) Pranayam.
In simple words: The coming together of 'Yang' and 'Yin' is likened to 'Pranayama'.

Exam Tip: Look for direct comparisons or analogies made in the text to answer such questions.

Question 4. The unpainted space in Chinese landscape is ....................
(a) The Middle Void.
(b) Pranayam.
(c) Yang.
(d) Yin.
Answer: (a) The Middle Void.
In simple words: The empty parts in Chinese landscape art represent the Middle Void.

Exam Tip: Identify the specific term used in the passage to describe the unpainted space and its significance.

The notion of 'art brut' or 'raw art', was of works that were in their raw state as regards cultural and artistic influences. Anything and everything from a tin to a sink to a broken down car could be material for a work of art, something Nek Chand has taken to dizzying heights. Recognising his art as 'an outstanding testimony of the difference a single man can make when he lives his dream', the Swiss Commission for UNESCO will be honouring him by way of a European exposition of his works. : The five-month interactive show, 'Realm of Nek Chand', beginning October will be held at leading museums in Switzerland, Belgium, France and Italy. 'The biggest reward is walking through the garden and seeing people enjoy my creation.' Nek Chand says.
BRINDA SURI'
Hindustan Times, 28 August 2005

Question 1. What are 'Art brut' or 'Raw art'?
(a) 'Graffitti'
(b) 'Naive art'.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
In simple words: 'Art brut' or 'Raw art' refers to both graffiti and naive art.

Exam Tip: When identifying definitions, ensure you capture all synonyms or descriptions provided in the passage.

Question 2. What could be material for 'art brut' as given in the passage?
(a) A tin
(b) A sink
(c) A broken down car
(d) All of the options
Answer: (d) All of the options
In simple words: Materials for 'art brut' could include a tin, a sink, or a broken-down car.

Exam Tip: For questions listing potential materials, confirm all options are explicitly mentioned or implied as examples in the text.

Question 3. The meaning of the phrase 'take to dizzying heights' is ....................
(a) 'bring a great glory'.
(b) 'let down something'.
(c) 'overlook something'.
(d) 'access something'.
Answer: (a) 'bring a great glory'.
In simple words: 'Take to dizzying heights' means to achieve great success or recognition.

Exam Tip: When interpreting phrases, consider the context in which they are used to deduce their meaning accurately.

Question 2. (suggested, conduit, essential, fundamental, expression, Universe, oppressed, landscape) This is also where Man finds a ............................................1.............. role. In that space between Heaven and Earth, he becomes the ............................................2.............. of communication between both poles of the ....................................3................ His presence is ............................................4................... even if it's only ............................................................................ far from being lost or ............................................6................ by the lofty peaks, he is, in Francois Cheng's wonderful ............................................7................ "the eye of the ............................................8................".
Answer:
1. fundamental
2. conduit
3. Universe
4. essential
5. suggested
6. oppressed
7. expression
8. landscape
In simple words: This question asks you to pick the right words from the given list to complete the sentences. The answer provides the sequence of words that correctly fill each numbered blank.

Exam Tip: When filling blanks, consider both the grammatical fit and the overall meaning of the sentence. Words often have specific contexts where they are most suitable.

Rectification of Errors

Question 1. Rectify the errors in the following passages: Same stories played an important part in China's classic education. The books of Confucius and Zhuangzi are full of them; they help the master guiding his disciple in the right direction.
Answer:

In simple words: This question asks you to fix the mistakes in the provided sentences. The table shows the incorrect words and what they should be changed to, making the sentences grammatically correct and meaningful.

Exam Tip: When correcting errors, check for common mistakes like subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, correct word forms, and appropriate prepositions. Always read the corrected sentence to ensure it flows naturally.

Question 2. In fifteen century Antwerp, a master blacksmith called Quinten Metsys felled in love with a painter's daughter. The father will not accept a son-in-law in the same profession.
Answer:

In simple words: This answer corrects the mistakes in the provided passage, changing words like 'fifteen' to 'fifteenth' and 'felled' to 'fell' to make the story accurate and grammatically sound.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to historical periods and verb tenses. 'Felled' implies cutting down a tree, while 'fell in love' is the correct idiom for developing romantic feelings.

Question 3. Quinten was immediately admit like an apprentice into his studio and painted a fly on his last panel, with such delicate realism as the master tried to swat it away.
Answer:

In simple words: This answer identifies and corrects errors in the given sentence. Words like 'admit' are changed to 'admitted', and 'like' to 'as' to improve grammar and make the sentence clear.

Exam Tip: Be mindful of verb forms (e.g., simple past vs. base form) and conjunctions (e.g., 'like' as a preposition vs. 'as' for comparison or role). 'Latest' implies the most recent, fitting the context here.

Question 4. In the Chinese story, the Emperor committed a painting and appreciates its out appearance. Since the artist reveals to him the true meaning of his work. The Empreror might rule over the territory he has conquered.
Answer:

In simple words: This answer corrects various errors in the passage, such as replacing 'committed' with 'commissions' and 'out' with 'outer', to make the sentences grammatically sound and accurate to the story.

Exam Tip: Always consider the most appropriate word choice. 'Commissions' means ordering a piece of art, which fits the context of an Emperor, while 'committed' has different connotations. Also, ensure that conjunctions like 'since' and 'but' are used correctly to convey the intended relationship between clauses.

Question 5. The gener is described as the art of those whom have 'no right' to be artists when they have received no informal training, yet show talent and artistic insight.
Answer:

In simple words: This answer corrects the spelling and grammar in the given description of 'outsider art'. Words like 'gener' are changed to 'genre' and 'whom' to 'who' for correct usage.

Exam Tip: Pay close attention to spelling (e.g., 'genre' instead of 'gener') and pronoun usage (e.g., 'who' for subjects, 'whom' for objects). Ensure that the corrected sentence accurately reflects the original meaning.

Replacing Phrases - Idioms

Question 1. I managed to speak in through the back door while she wasn't looking. (come out, leave, enter secretly)
Answer: I managed to enter secretly the back door while she wasn't looking.
In simple words: The question asks you to pick the right idiom. The answer correctly rephrases the sentence using 'enter secretly' to show how someone went inside without being seen.

Exam Tip: For idiom questions, understand the full context of the sentence. The phrase "through the back door" often implies a secretive entry or method.

Question 2. Uttam was greatiy hailed for his extra-ordinary performance. (praised, condemned, supported) ?
Answer: Uttam was greatly praised for his extraordinary performance.
In simple words: This question asks for the correct meaning of 'hailed'. The answer correctly uses 'praised' to show that Uttam received much appreciation for his excellent work.

Exam Tip: Recognize that "hailed for" typically means praised or celebrated, especially in the context of achievement. Be careful with spellings like "greatly" and "extraordinary".

Question 3. The invention took the scientist to dizzying heights, (the peak of mountain, very high level of success, a great setback).
Answer: The invention took the scientist to a very high level of success.
In simple words: This question asks you to explain the idiom 'dizzying heights'. The answer clarifies that it means achieving a very high level of success.

Exam Tip: Idioms often have figurative meanings. "Dizzying heights" refers to extreme success or achievement, not a literal physical height.

Question 4. She felt oppressed and discouraged in such s an unfriendly environment, (worried and uncomfortable, self-satisfied, reluctant)
Answer: She felt worried and uncomfortable in such an unfriendly environment.
In simple words: The question asks for the meaning of 'oppressed and discouraged'. The answer explains it means feeling worried and uncomfortable in a harsh setting.

Exam Tip: When interpreting emotional states, consider the surrounding context. "Oppressed and discouraged" suggests feelings of burden, sadness, and discomfort due to external circumstances.

Punctuations

Question 1. Punctuate the following passages: Look Sire said the painter in this cave at the foot of the mountain dwells a spirit
Answer: "Look, Sire," said the painter, "in this cave, at the foot of the mountain, dwells a spirit."
In simple words: This answer shows how to add commas, quotation marks, and periods to make the sentence correctly punctuated. Direct speech needs quotation marks and commas to separate it from the narration.

Exam Tip: Remember to place commas and periods inside quotation marks for direct speech. Also, use a comma after an introductory phrase like "Look, Sire."

Question 2. Punctuate the following passages: The concept is expressed as Shanshui literally mountain water which used together represent the word landscape
Answer: The concept is expressed as Shanshui, literally 'mountain-water' which used together represent the word 'landscape'.
In simple words: This answer shows how to correctly punctuate the sentence. It adds a comma after 'Shanshui' and uses single quotation marks for 'mountain-water' and 'landscape' as specific terms.

Exam Tip: Use commas to separate explanatory phrases or appositives. Single quotes are often used to highlight a word or phrase, especially when it's being defined or referred to as a term.

Question 3. Punctuate the following passages: Its 80 year old creator director Nek Chand is now hailed as Indias biggest contributor to outsider art
Answer: Its 80-year-old creator-director, Nek Chand, is now hailed as India's biggest contributor to outsider art.
In simple words: This answer correctly punctuates the sentence, adding hyphens for compound adjectives like '80-year-old' and 'creator-director', and a comma after the introductory phrase.

Exam Tip: Hyphenate compound adjectives that modify a noun (e.g., "80-year-old"). Use commas to separate an appositive phrase (like "Nek Chand") that provides additional, non-essential information about a noun.

Indirect Narration

Question 1. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Customer: Can I have a cigarette, please. Saleswoman : Of course, but you cannot smoke here. Customer: What ? Saleswoman: Yes sir, smoking is prohibited here. Customer: That's funny. You sell cigarettes in here, but you prohibit smoking? Saleswoman: (smilingly) We also sell bath towels here, sir.
Answer: A man who had just obtained a cigarette in a departmental store was warned by the saleswoman not to smoke there. The agitated customer responded by saying that it was strange that the store which sold cigarettes prohibited smoking. The saleswoman, smilingly, said that they also sold bath towels there.
In simple words: This answer converts a conversation into a reported speech. It changes the direct questions and statements into a narrative form, telling what each person said without using their exact words.

Exam Tip: When converting to indirect narration, remember to change pronouns, verb tenses, and time/place expressions as needed. Also, transform questions into statements and use reporting verbs like 'asked', 'replied', 'warned', or 'remarked'.

Question 2. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Antony: Where are you going ? Peter: To the market, ............. Antony: May I join you ? Peter: It will be a pleasure.
Answer: Antony asked Peter where he was going. Peter responded that he was going to the market. Antony inquired if he could join him. Peter mentioned that it would be a pleasure.
In simple words: This answer changes the direct conversation between Antony and Peter into reported speech. It narrates their exchange about going to the market and joining each other.

Exam Tip: When reporting questions, use "asked if" or "asked where/what/when/why" followed by a statement clause. For expressions like "It will be a pleasure," report the sentiment accurately.

Question 3. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Mother: So you have been hitting Antony again ? Martin: "No I haven't. Who told you that ?” Mother: "Don't tell lies! You have."
Answer: The mother angrily asked Martin if he had been hitting Antony again. Martin angrily denied it, asking who had informed her that. His mother loudly warned him not to lie and insisted that he had indeed hit Antony.
In simple words: This answer converts the mother and Martin's argument into reported speech. It describes their angry exchange about Martin hitting Antony and his denial.

Exam Tip: Pay attention to the tone and emotion in direct speech (e.g., "angrily," "loudly warned"). Use appropriate reporting verbs to convey these nuances in indirect narration.

Question 4. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Allen: "Why don't you get up ? We can go for a long walk". Ben: "If you like, you can go”. Allen: “Why ? Are you not well ?”
Answer: Allen suggested that Ben should get up and they could go for a long walk. Ben replied curtly that he could go if he wished. Allen then asked why he was not well.
In simple words: This answer transforms the conversation between Allen and Ben into reported speech. It narrates Allen's suggestion for a walk and his concern for Ben's well-being.

Exam Tip: When reporting suggestions, use "suggested that" followed by a 'should' clause or infinitive. When reporting conditional statements, retain the condition. Pay attention to changes in personal pronouns and reporting verbs.

Question 5. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Sam: "Elizabeth ! Our friends are waiting for us outside. At least lower your voice”. Sarah: Let them be there, when you don't care for the people why should I. Sam: What is wrong with you today?
Answer: Sam reminded Elizabeth that their friends were waiting for them outside. He also asked her to reduce her voice. Sarah loudly responded that she did not care for them. Then she asked him why she should bother about people when he did not. Sam then inquired what was wrong with her that day.
In simple words: This answer turns Sam and Sarah's conversation into reported speech. It captures Sam reminding Elizabeth about friends and Sarah's defiant response about not caring for others.

Exam Tip: When reporting commands or requests, use verbs like "asked," "requested," or "told." For emotional responses, use adverbs like "loudly" or "angrily." Ensure all pronouns and time expressions are adjusted for indirect speech.

Question 6. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Policeman: "I hope your friend comes around all right." "Are you going to wait for some time." Daniel: "I'll give him half an hour.” Policeman: "Good night Sir” said the policeman passing on along 4s beat, examining doors as he went.
Answer: The policeman expressed his hope that Daniel's friend would recover completely. He then asked Daniel if he was going to wait for a while. Daniel stated that he would give him half an hour. The policeman bade him good night, continuing his patrol and inspecting doors as he moved on.
In simple words: This answer converts a conversation between a policeman and Daniel into reported speech. It describes the policeman's concern for Daniel's friend, Daniel's waiting time, and the policeman's departure.

Exam Tip: Report wishes or hopes using "expressed his hope that." When reporting a farewell, use "bade good night." Integrate actions and dialogue smoothly into the narrative form.

Question 7. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Jems: The day after tomorrow you will receive the money. Robert: I need the money today, not the day after tomorrow. Jems: Forgive me, I can't pay you today.
Answer: Jems informed Robert that he would obtain the money two days later. Robert then replied that he needed the money that very day, not two days later. Jems, asking for forgiveness, told him that he was unable to pay him that day.
In simple words: This answer changes the dialogue between Jems and Robert into reported speech. It explains when Jems promised the money, Robert's immediate need, and Jems' inability to pay on that day.

Exam Tip: Be careful with time expressions: "the day after tomorrow" becomes "two days later," and "today" becomes "that very day." Ensure consistency in pronoun usage and verb tenses.

Question 8. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Teacher: Akram, why were you absent yesterday? Akram: Yesterday I had cold and fever, sir. I couldn't inform you beforehand. Teacher: That's okay. Take care of your health.
Answer: The teacher asked Akram why he had been absent the previous day. Akram responded respectfully that he had suffered from a cold and fever the day before, and that he could not inform her earlier. The teacher then said that it was fine and advised him to care for his health.
In simple words: This answer transforms the conversation between the teacher and Akram into reported speech. It explains the teacher's inquiry about Akram's absence and Akram's explanation for his illness.

Exam Tip: When reporting polite address like "sir," incorporate it into the reporting verb (e.g., "responded respectfully"). Convert "yesterday" to "the previous day" or "the day before."

Question 9. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Passenger: Please give me three tickets to Paris. How much is it? Conductor: Six dollars a ticket. Passenger: Okay. Here's six dollars.
Answer: The passenger asked the conductor to give him three tickets to Paris and also inquired about the price. The conductor replied that it was six dollars per ticket. The passenger then agreed and gave him six dollars.
In simple words: This answer converts the dialogue at a ticket counter into reported speech. It narrates the passenger's request for tickets, the price inquiry, and the final payment.

Exam Tip: When reporting multiple questions or requests from the same speaker, connect them smoothly using conjunctions like "and also inquired." Ensure that numbers and currency are reported accurately.

Question 10. Turn the following dialogues into Indirect form of narration: Patient: "I slipped I have pain in my ankle. It is aching”. Doctor: Your ankle is swollen badly. It looks like a sprain. You better go in for an X-Ray.
Answer: The patient informed the doctor that he had slipped and consequently had pain in his ankle, which was throbbing. The doctor stated that his ankle was badly swollen and appeared to be a sprain. He then recommended that the patient undergo an X-Ray.
In simple words: This answer changes the conversation between a patient and a doctor into reported speech. It describes the patient's injury, the doctor's diagnosis, and the advice for an X-Ray.

Exam Tip: When reporting medical conversations, use precise reporting verbs like "informed," "stated," and "recommended." Ensure that symptoms and diagnoses are clearly conveyed in indirect speech.

Transformation of Sentences

Question 1. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: His last painting was a landscape. (Make it Negative.)
Answer: His last painting was none other than a landscape.
In simple words: This answer transforms the sentence into a negative form while keeping the same meaning. It uses "none other than" to express the negative.

Exam Tip: To make a sentence negative without changing its meaning, you often need to use phrases that imply negation while affirming the original idea, like "none other than" or "nothing but."

Question 2. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: The master had hidden his work behind a screen. (Change the Voice.)
Answer: His work had been hidden behind a screen by the master.
In simple words: This answer changes the sentence from active voice to passive voice. The action of hiding is now focused on "his work" instead of "the master".

Exam Tip: To change from active to passive voice, make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence. Use a form of "to be" + the past participle of the main verb, and often include "by [original subject]."

Question 3. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: Not a trace of Wu Daozi's brush was left. (Turn into Affirmative.)
Answer: Every trace of Wu Daozi's brush was removed.
In simple words: This answer changes the negative sentence into an affirmative one while keeping the same meaning. It replaces "not a trace... was left" with "every trace... was removed."

Exam Tip: To convert a negative sentence into an affirmative one without altering the meaning, you often need to use antonyms or phrases that express the opposite idea while achieving the same overall sense.

Question 4. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: The word 'Dao' means both the path and the mysterious works of the universe. (Use 'not only ... but also'.)
Answer: The word 'Dao' means not only the path but also the mysterious works of the universe.
In simple words: This answer rewrites the sentence using the phrase "not only... but also" to show that 'Dao' has two meanings. It clearly lists both aspects.

Exam Tip: The construction "not only... but also" is used to emphasize that two elements are present or true. Ensure parallelism in the elements being connected by this phrase.

Question 5. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: The mountain is Yang - reaching vertically towards Heaven. (Turn into Complex.)
Answer: The mountain is Yang which reaches vertically towards Heaven.
In simple words: This answer changes the simple sentence into a complex one by adding a relative pronoun 'which'. It connects the descriptive phrase to the noun 'Yang'.

Exam Tip: A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Use subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns (like 'which', 'who', 'that') to create dependent clauses.

Question 6. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: This can be compared with the Yogic practice of pranayama. (Change the Voice.)
Answer: We can compare this with the Yogic Practice of pranayama.
In simple words: This answer changes the sentence from passive voice back to active voice. It identifies "we" as the implied performer of the action of comparing.

Exam Tip: When converting from passive to active voice, you often need to infer an appropriate subject (e.g., "we," "one," "people") if the original agent is not explicitly stated in a "by..." phrase.

Question 7. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: 'Outsider art' - has become the fastest growing area of interest in contemporary art. (Change the Degree.)
Answer: No other growing area of interest in contemporary art has become so fast as 'Outsider art'.
In simple words: This answer changes the sentence from the superlative degree ("fastest growing") to the positive degree. It uses "no other... as fast as" to compare 'Outsider art' with other areas.

Exam Tip: To change the degree of comparison without changing meaning, you can often use "no other... as... as" for positive degree, "not as... as" for comparative, or "the...est" for superlative.

Question 8. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: Nek Chand is now hailed as India's biggest contributor to outsider art. (Change the Degree.)
Answer: Nek Chand is now hailed as bigger than any other contributor to outsider art in India.
In simple words: This answer changes the sentence from the superlative degree ("biggest contributor") to the comparative degree. It uses "bigger than any other" to show the comparison.

Exam Tip: To change a superlative sentence to a comparative one, use "than any other" followed by the singular form of the noun or a similar comparative construction.

Question 9. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: What is often overlooked is an essential third element. (Make it Simple.)
Answer: An essential third element is often overlooked.
In simple words: This answer changes the complex sentence into a simple one. It removes the relative clause "What is often overlooked" and restructures it to focus on the essential element.

Exam Tip: A simple sentence contains only one independent clause. To simplify, remove dependent clauses or reduce them to phrases while retaining the core meaning.

Question 10. Rewrite the following sentences as directed: Let me show the way. (Change the Voice.)
Answer: Let the way be shown by me.
In simple words: This answer changes the sentence from active voice ("Let me show...") to passive voice ("Let the way be shown..."). It emphasizes the way being shown.

Exam Tip: For imperative sentences starting with "Let," the passive voice often takes the form "Let + object + be + past participle."

Landscape of the Soul Summary in English

Landscape of the Soul Introduction:
Nathalie Trouveroy, the wife of the Belgian Ambassador to India, is an art historian. Nathalie has completed her masters in the history of art and archaeology, with a specialization in Japanese art from the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium. She is concerned about the eroding cultural heritage of Delhi. Recently, she and her friend Agnes Montanari translated William Dalrymple's masterpiece on Delhi – 'City of Djinns' into pictures. She has been getting acquainted with the cultures of the various cities she visits.

Landscape of the Soul Summary:
The writer compares Chinese art with European art by using two stories. The Tang Emperor Xuanzong commissioned the painter Wu Daozi to adorn a palace wall. When it was finished, the Emperor admired the scene. The painter drew the Emperor's attention to a cave, and when he clapped his hands, the entrance to the cave opened. The painter went inside, but before the Emperor could move, the entrance closed, and the painting disappeared, along with the artist.
In another narrative, a painter would not draw the eye of a dragon, fearing it would fly out of the picture. The writer then mentions a story typical of Western painting, in which a master blacksmith, Quinten Metsys, fell in love with a painter's daughter. To be accepted as a son-in-law, Quinten painted a fly on the painter's latest canvas. When the painter attempted to swat it away, he realized the truth – Quinten was taken on as an apprentice and later married his beloved.
These stories demonstrate what each art form aims to achieve. Europeans desire a perfect illusionistic likeness, while in Asia, it is the essence of inner life and spirit. In the Chinese story, only the artist comprehends the way within, and he achieves his goal beyond physical appearance. Unlike a Western figurative painting, a classical Chinese landscape does not replicate an actual view, and one can enter it from any point and move through it. It requires the active engagement of the viewer, both physically and mentally. Man becomes a conduit of communication or 'the eye of the landscape'.

11th Std English Questions And Answers