NEET Biology Cell Cycle And Cell Division Revision Notes

Cell Cycle Concept Notes for Full Course: Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

 

1. Introduction: It is the process by which a mature cell divides and forms two nearly equal daughter cells which resemble the parental cell in a number of characters.
2. A cell divides when it has grown to a certain maximum size which disturb the karyoplasmic index (KI)/Nucleoplasmic ratio (NP)/Kernplasm connection.
3. Two processes take place during cell reproduction.
 
• Cell growth: (Period of synthesis and duplication of various components of cell).
• Cell division: (Mature cell divides into two cells).
 
Cell cycle: Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described it. The sequence of events which occur during cell growth and cell division are collectively called cell cycle. Cell cycle completes in two steps:
 
• Interphase
• M-phase/Dividing phase
 
(i) Interphase : It is the period between the end of one cell division to the beginning of next cell division. It is also called resting phase or not dividing phase. But, it is actually highly metabolic active phase, in which cell prepares itself for next cell division. In case of human beings it will take approx 25 hours. Interphase is completed in to three successive stages.
(a) G1 phase/Post mitotic/Pre-DNA synthetic phase/Gap Ist
(b) S-phase/Synthetic phase
(c) G2-phase/Pre mitotic/Post synthetic phase/gap-IInd
 
(ii) M-phase/Dividing phase/Mitotic phase
(a) Nuclear division i.e. karyokinesis occurs in 4 phases – prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. It takes 5-10% (shortest phase) time of whole division.
(b) Cytokinesis : Division of cytoplasm into 2 equal parts. In animal cell, it takes place by cell furrow method and in plant cells by cell plate method.
 
4. Duration of cell cycle: It depends on the type of cell and external factors such as temperature, food and oxygen. Time period for G1, S, G2 and M-phase is species specific under specific environmental conditions. e.g. 20 minutes for bacterial cell, 8-10 hours for intestional epithelial cell, and onion root tip cells may take 20 hours.
 
5. Regulation of cell cycle: Stage of regulation of cell cycle is G1 phase during which a cell may follow one of the three options.
• It may start a new cycle, enter the S-phase and finally divide.
• It may be arrested at a specific point of G1 phase.
• It may stop division and enter G0 quiscent stage. But when conditions change, cell in G0 phase can resume the growth and reenter the G1 phase.
 
6. Cell division is of three types, Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis.
 
7. Difference between cell Mitosis and Meiosis
 
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Study Material and Revision Notes for Full Course Cell Cycle Cell Cycle

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