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Drugs and Chemotherapy
A drug is a chemical that acts on the body to cure disease or lower pain. Treating disease with chemicals that kill disease-causing microbes without harming the host tissue is called chemotherapy, and such chemicals are chemotherapeutic agents.
Classes of Medicines
| Class | Function | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Antiseptic | Stops the growth of microbes, safe on living tissue | Dettol (chloroxylenol + terpineol), savlon, iodine tincture, methylene blue, dilute boric acid, 0.2 percent phenol, bithional (in soaps) |
| Disinfectant | Kills microbes, too toxic for living tissue; used on floors, toilets, instruments | 1 percent phenol, chlorine in water, sulphur dioxide in very low concentration |
| Narcotic analgesic | Relieves pain, causes sleep and unconsciousness in large dose, habit forming (opium alkaloids) | Morphine, codeine, heroin |
| Non-narcotic analgesic | Relieves pain without affecting the nervous system, many also lower fever | Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, paracetamol |
| Antipyretic | Brings down body temperature in fever | Aspirin, paracetamol, phenacetin, analgin |
| Antimalarial | Treats malaria | Quinine, chloroquine, primaquine |
| Tranquilizer | Acts on the central nervous system, calms the patient (psychotherapeutic drugs). Sedatives reduce tension, antidepressants lift mood | Reserpine, barbiturates (veronal, luminal, seconal) |
| Anaesthetic | Causes loss of sensation. General anaesthetics cause unconsciousness; local ones numb a small region | General: nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform, sodium pentothal. Local: procaine, ethyl chloride spray, benzocaine |
| Antibiotic | Made by microbes (fungi, bacteria, moulds) or by chemical modification, inhibits other microbes | Penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines |
| Sulpha drug | Antibacterial derivatives of sulphanilamide | Sulphapyridine, sulphadiazine, sulphaguanidine, sulphathiazole |
| Antacid | Neutralises excess stomach acid | Sodium hydrogencarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide |
| Antihistamine | Blocks histamine receptors; reduces allergy or stomach acid | Cimetidine, ranitidine, brompheniramine, terfenadine |
Points to Remember About Drugs
1. Phenol is an antiseptic at 0.2 percent and a disinfectant at 1 percent.
2. Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid; paracetamol is p-hydroxyacetanilide, made by acetylating p-aminophenol.
3. Aspirin blocks the formation of prostaglandins, the chemicals that cause inflammation and pain, which explains its pain and fever relief.
4. Penicillin is a narrow spectrum natural antibiotic. Ampicillin and amoxycillin are semi-synthetic. Chloramphenicol, tetracyclines and ofloxacin are broad spectrum.
5. Chloramphenicol treats typhoid, dysentery and many other infections; streptomycin treats tuberculosis.
6. Metal hydroxides are better antacids than sodium hydrogencarbonate because they are insoluble and do not push the stomach contents above neutral pH.
7. Histamine increases the release of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Cimetidine and ranitidine block its receptors there.
Food Chemicals
Artificial sweeteners provide sweetness without the calories of sucrose and are useful for diabetics.
| Sweetener | Sweetness compared with cane sugar | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Aspartame | 100 times | Dipeptide ester, unstable at cooking temperature, so used in cold foods and drinks |
| Saccharin | 550 times | Ortho-sulphobenzimide, first popular artificial sweetener, excreted unchanged |
| Sucralose | 600 times | Trichloro derivative of sucrose, stable at cooking temperature |
| Alitame | 2000 times | Dipeptide based, high potency |
Food preservatives stop spoilage by microbes. Common ones are table salt, sugar, vegetable oil, sodium benzoate and salts of sorbic and propanoic acid. Sodium benzoate is permitted only in small amounts because it is metabolised in the body.
Cleansing Agents
1. Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty acid such as stearic, palmitic or oleic acid. It is made by saponification: heating fat or oil with aqueous NaOH, \( \ce{(RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH -> 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3} \).
2. Sodium soaps are hard; potassium soaps are soft. Types include toilet, transparent, medicated (with bithional), shaving and laundry soaps.
3. Soap does not work in hard water because Ca\(^{2+}\) and Mg\(^{2+}\) ions form insoluble scum with the fatty acid anions.
4. Synthetic detergents lather even in hard water because their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble. They are of three kinds.
| Type | Structure idea | Example and use |
|---|---|---|
| Anionic | Sodium salt of a sulphonated or sulphated long chain; the head carries the negative charge | Sodium lauryl sulphate \( \ce{CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3^-Na^+} \) in shampoos; sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (ABS) in washing powders |
| Cationic | Quaternary ammonium salt with a long hydrocarbon chain; the nitrogen carries the positive charge | Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide \( \ce{[CH3(CH2)15N(CH3)3]^+Br^-} \), used in hair conditioners |
| Non-ionic | No ions; made from an ester of stearic acid with polyethylene glycol | \( \ce{CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)_nCH2CH2OH} \), used in liquid dishwashing detergents |
Detergents with highly branched chains cannot be broken down by bacteria and cause water pollution, so straight-chain, biodegradable detergents are now preferred.
Quick Revision
1. Dettol is chloroxylenol with terpineol.
2. Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid (malonyl urea) and are tranquilizers.
3. Kwashiorkor is due to protein deficiency.
4. Thyroxine is the hormone that contains iodine.
5. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
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Download JEE Revision Notes: JEE Chemistry Chemistry In Everyday Life
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