Chemistry Concept Notes for JEE: Chemistry In Everyday Life
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Drugs and Their Classes
Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals to treat diseases. Drugs are classified by the pharmacological effect, the chemical structure, the action on a molecular target, or the drug action on a biochemical process.
| Class | Action | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Analgesics | Relieve pain. Non-narcotic ones also reduce fever and inflammation | Aspirin, paracetamol, Novalgin (non-narcotic); morphine, codeine (narcotic) |
| Antipyretics | Reduce body temperature | Aspirin, paracetamol |
| Tranquilizers | Treat stress, anxiety and mental disorders | Equanil, Valium, veronal, luminal |
| Antihistamines | Block histamine receptors and relieve allergy | Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine |
| Antacids and acid reducers | Neutralise or reduce stomach acid. Cimetidine and ranitidine block the histamine receptors of stomach wall; omeprazole inhibits the proton pump | Sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, cimetidine, omeprazole |
| Antimicrobials | Kill or stop growth of microbes (antibiotics, antiseptics, disinfectants) | Penicillin, chloramphenicol, Dettol, chlorine |
| Antifertility drugs | Birth control pills with synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives | Norethindrone, novestrol, mifepristone |
1. Antibiotics: bactericidal ones kill bacteria (penicillin, ofloxacin, aminoglycosides). Bacteriostatic ones stop growth (erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol). Broad spectrum ones act on many types (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxycillin, tetracycline); narrow spectrum ones on few (penicillin G).
2. Antiseptics are applied to living tissue: dilute phenol (0.2 percent), iodine tincture, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide and Dettol (chloroxylenol with terpineol). Disinfectants are used on non-living things: phenol at 1 percent, chlorine at 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in drinking water, and SO2 in very low concentration.
3. Cisplatin, cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2], is an anticancer drug; the trans isomer is inactive.
4. Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, and low doses thin the blood and protect against heart attack.
Food Additives and Cleansing Agents
1. Artificial sweeteners: saccharin (about 550 times sweeter than sucrose, excreted unchanged), aspartame (about 100 times, unstable at cooking temperature so only for cold foods), alitame (about 2000 times) and sucralose (trichlorosucrose, about 600 times, stable at cooking temperature).
2. Preservatives: table salt, sugar, sodium benzoate and salts of sorbic and propanoic acids.
3. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids, made by saponification of fats with alkali. Calcium and magnesium salts are insoluble, so soaps form scum in hard water. Detergents (sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates, cationic quaternary ammonium salts and non-ionic types) work in hard water. Branched-chain detergents are non-biodegradable, and linear-chain ones are biodegradable.
4. Cleansing action: the hydrocarbon tail dissolves in grease and the ionic head stays in water. The grease is trapped inside micelles and washed away.
5. Bithional is an antiseptic added to medicated soaps.
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