Social Science Concept Notes for Class 5: Parallels Meridians
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Axis and Poles
The Earth rotates on its axis, an imaginary line through its centre. The end points of the axis are the poles: the North Pole at the top and the South Pole at the bottom.
Parallels (Latitudes)
Circles drawn on the globe running from east to west are parallels or lines of latitude. The Equator (0°) is the longest parallel and divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
| Features of parallels |
|---|
| All are complete circles, except the poles, which are points |
| Their length decreases from the Equator towards the poles |
| They are at equal distances from each other |
| They never touch or cross each other |
Parallels are numbered from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles, marked N or S, at 1° intervals. There are 90 in each hemisphere, so 181 in all including the Equator.
| Important parallel | Latitude |
|---|---|
| Arctic Circle | 66.5°N |
| Tropic of Cancer | 23.5°N |
| Equator | 0° |
| Tropic of Capricorn | 23.5°S |
| Antarctic Circle | 66.5°S |
Meridians (Longitudes)
Imaginary lines running from the North Pole to the South Pole are meridians or lines of longitude.
| Features of meridians |
|---|
| All are of the same length |
| They are farthest apart at the Equator, and come closer towards the poles |
| They cut the parallels at right angles |
| They are used to measure distances in the east-west direction |
In 1884 Greenwich, near London, was fixed as the starting point. The meridian through Greenwich is the Prime Meridian (0°). There are 180 meridians east and 180 west of it, 360 in all.
Locating Places
The network of parallels and meridians is called a grid. A place is located by its latitude and longitude, at the point where its parallel and meridian cross. Example: Ranchi is at 23.34°N, 85.31°E.
Questions and Answers
1. What is a parallel? Write three features.
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Answer: Parallels are circles on a globe running from west to east. They are complete circles (except the poles), they decrease in length towards the poles, and they are at equal distances from each other.
Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.
2. How do we number parallels?
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Answer: The Equator is 0°, and parallels are marked from 0° to 90° in both hemispheres at 1° intervals: 90 in the north, 90 in the south, 181 with the Equator.
Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.
3. What is a meridian? Write three features.
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Answer: Meridians are imaginary lines running from north to south. All are of the same length, they cut the parallels at right angles, and they measure east-west distances.
Teacher's Note: Write a short, clear answer.
4. How can we locate a place on a globe?
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Answer: By knowing its latitude and longitude. The point where the parallel and meridian cross is the place.
Teacher's Note: Remember this for your exam.
5. Fill in: The two ends of the axis are called ___. The Prime Meridian passes through ___. The part of the Earth above the Equator is the ___.
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Answer: poles; Greenwich; Northern Hemisphere
Teacher's Note: Learn this point and write it in your own words.
6. Complete: Tropic of Capricorn : ___ ; Equator : ___ :: Prime Meridian : Longitude; South Pole : 90°S ; ___ : 66.5°N :: Antarctic Circle : 66.5°S.
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Answer: 23.5°S; Latitude; Arctic Circle
Teacher's Note: Use the key term in your answer.
7. How many parallels are there if drawn at 1° intervals?
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Answer: 181
Teacher's Note: Give an example if the question allows.
Parallels Meridians Concepts and Summary for Class 5 Social Science
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