JEE Physics Gravitation MCQs Set 19

Physics Objective Questions and Answers: Gravitation

Access targeted multiple-choice questions for Gravitation designed to align with the latest JEE academic syllabus for JEE Physics. These objective practice sets help students evaluate their conceptual understanding and improve exam readiness.

Download Gravitation MCQs with Answers

Navigate directly to the 50 objective questions for Gravitation using the digital viewer below. Each practice set includes verified answer keys, allowing students to instantly cross-check their work and identify areas requiring further revision.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: The energy required to move a satellite of mass m from a circular orbit of radius 2R to one of radius 3R (M is the mass and R the radius of the earth) is:
(a) \( \frac{GMm}{12R} \)
(b) \( \frac{GMm}{8R} \)
(c) \( \frac{GMm}{3R} \)
(d) \( \frac{GMm}{6R} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) \( \frac{GMm}{12R} \)

Explanation:
1. Total energy in a circular orbit of radius r is \( E=-\frac{GMm}{2r} \).
2. \( \Delta E=-\frac{GMm}{6R}+\frac{GMm}{4R}=\frac{GMm}{12R} \).

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Question 2: The kinetic energy needed to project a body of mass m from the earth's surface (radius R) to infinity is:
(a) \( \frac{mgR}{2} \)
(b) \( mgR \)
(c) \( 2mgR \)
(d) \( \frac{mgR}{4} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) \( mgR \)

Explanation:
1. Total energy at the surface: \( \frac12mv^2-\frac{GMm}{R} \); to reach infinity it must be zero.
2. \( KE=\frac{GMm}{R}=mgR \) since \( GM=gR^2 \).

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Question 3: The time period of a satellite of the earth is 5 hours. If the separation between the earth and the satellite is increased to four times the previous value, the new time period will be:
(a) 10 h
(b) 80 h
(c) 40 h
(d) 20 h
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) 40 h

Explanation:
1. Kepler's third law: \( T^2\propto r^3 \), so \( T\propto r^{3/2} \).
2. \( T'=5\times4^{3/2}=5\times8=40 \) h.

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Question 4: Two spherical bodies of masses m and 5m and radii R and 2R respectively are released in free space with initial separation 12R between their centres. If they attract each other only by gravitational force, the distance covered by the smaller body just before collision is:
(a) \( 2.5R \)
(b) \( 4.5R \)
(c) \( 1.5R \)
(d) \( 7.5R \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) \( 7.5R \)

Explanation:
1. At collision the centres are \( R+2R=3R \) apart, so the centres approach by \( 12R-3R=9R \).
2. The centre of mass stays fixed, so distances covered are inversely proportional to masses: the smaller body covers \( \frac{5}{6}\times9R=7.5R \).

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Question 5: A satellite of mass m revolves around the earth of radius R at a height x from its surface. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface, the orbital speed of the satellite is:
(a) \( \left(\frac{gR^2}{R+x}\right)^{1/2} \)
(b) \( gx \)
(c) \( \frac{gR^2}{R+x} \)
(d) \( \frac{gR}{R-x} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) \( \left(\frac{gR^2}{R+x}\right)^{1/2} \)

Explanation:
1. \( \frac{mv^2}{R+x}=\frac{GMm}{(R+x)^2} \), so \( v^2=\frac{GM}{R+x} \).
2. Using \( GM=gR^2 \): \( v=\sqrt{\frac{gR^2}{R+x}} \).

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Question 6: If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface, the gain in potential energy of an object of mass m raised from the surface to a height equal to the radius R of the earth is:
(a) \( 2mgR \)
(b) \( \frac12mgR \)
(c) \( \frac14mgR \)
(d) \( mgR \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) \( \frac12mgR \)

Explanation:
1. \( \Delta U=-\frac{GMm}{2R}+\frac{GMm}{R}=\frac{GMm}{2R} \).
2. With \( GM=gR^2 \): \( \Delta U=\frac12mgR \).

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Question 7: Suppose the gravitational force varies inversely as the nth power of distance. Then the time period of a planet in a circular orbit of radius R around the sun is proportional to:
(a) \( R^{(n-1)/2} \)
(b) \( R^n \)
(c) \( R^{(n+1)/2} \)
(d) \( R^{(n-2)/2} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) \( R^{(n+1)/2} \)

Explanation:
1. \( \frac{mv^2}{R}=\frac{k}{R^n} \), so \( v\propto R^{(1-n)/2} \).
2. \( T=\frac{2\pi R}{v}\propto R^{1-\frac{1-n}{2}}=R^{(n+1)/2} \). (For n = 2 this gives \( R^{3/2} \), as expected.)

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Question 8: The change in the value of g at a height h above the surface of the earth is the same as at a depth d below the surface. When both d and h are much smaller than the radius of the earth, which is correct?
(a) \( d=\frac h2 \)
(b) \( d=\frac{3h}{2} \)
(c) \( d=h \)
(d) \( d=2h \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) \( d=2h \)

Explanation:
1. For small h: \( g_h=g\left(1-\frac{2h}{R}\right) \). At depth d: \( g_d=g\left(1-\frac dR\right) \).
2. Equal change: \( \frac{2h}{R}=\frac dR \), so \( d=2h \).

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Question 9: A particle of mass 10 g is on the surface of a uniform sphere of mass 100 kg and radius 10 cm. The work done against the gravitational force between them to take the particle far away from the sphere is (G = 6.67 x 10^-11 N m² kg⁻²):
(a) \( 6.67\times10^{-10}\ \text{J} \)
(b) \( 13.34\times10^{-10}\ \text{J} \)
(c) \( 3.33\times10^{-10}\ \text{J} \)
(d) \( 6.67\times10^{-9}\ \text{J} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) \( 6.67\times10^{-10}\ \text{J} \)

Explanation:
1. Work \( =\frac{GMm}{R}=\frac{6.67\times10^{-11}\times100\times0.01}{0.1} \).
2. \( =6.67\times10^{-10} \) J.

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Question 10: A planet in a distant solar system is 10 times more massive than the earth and its radius is 10 times smaller. Given that the escape velocity from the earth is 11 km/s, the escape velocity from the surface of the planet is:
(a) 1.1 km/s
(b) 110 km/s
(c) 11 km/s
(d) 0.11 km/s
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) 110 km/s

Explanation:
1. \( v_e=\sqrt{\frac{2GM}{R}} \), so \( \frac{v_p}{v_E}=\sqrt{\frac{10}{1/10}}=\sqrt{100}=10 \).
2. \( v_p=110 \) km/s.

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Question 11: The height above the earth's surface at which the acceleration due to gravity becomes g/9 (g is the value at the surface, R the radius of the earth) is:
(a) \( \frac{R}{\sqrt2} \)
(b) \( \frac R2 \)
(c) \( 2R \)
(d) \( \sqrt2R \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) \( 2R \)

Explanation:
1. \( g'=g\left(\frac{R}{R+h}\right)^2=\frac g9 \), so \( \frac{R}{R+h}=\frac13 \).
2. \( R+h=3R \), so \( h=2R \).

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Question 12: Two bodies of masses m and 4m are placed at a distance r apart. The gravitational potential at the point on the line joining them where the gravitational field is zero is:
(a) \( -\frac{4Gm}{r} \)
(b) \( -\frac{6Gm}{r} \)
(c) zero
(d) \( -\frac{9Gm}{r} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) \( -\frac{9Gm}{r} \)

Explanation:
1. Field is zero at distance x from m with \( \frac{Gm}{x^2}=\frac{4Gm}{(r-x)^2} \), giving \( r-x=2x \), so \( x=\frac r3 \).
2. \( V=-\frac{Gm}{r/3}-\frac{4Gm}{2r/3}=-\frac{3Gm}{r}-\frac{6Gm}{r}=-\frac{9Gm}{r} \).

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Question 13: The mass of a spaceship is 1000 kg. It is to be launched from the earth's surface out into free space. The value of g and the radius R of the earth are 10 m/s² and 6400 km. The required energy for this is:
(a) \( 6.4\times10^{10}\ \text{J} \)
(b) \( 6.4\times10^{11}\ \text{J} \)
(c) \( 6.4\times10^{8}\ \text{J} \)
(d) \( 6.4\times10^{9}\ \text{J} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) \( 6.4\times10^{10}\ \text{J} \)

Explanation:
1. Minimum energy \( =\frac{GMm}{R}=mgR \).
2. \( =1000\times10\times6.4\times10^6=6.4\times10^{10} \) J.

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55. a
56. c
57. e
58. .

Question 14: The minimum energy required to launch a satellite of mass m from the surface of a planet of mass M and radius R into a circular orbit at an altitude of 2R is:
(a) \( \frac{2GmM}{3R} \)
(b) \( \frac{5GmM}{6R} \)
(c) \( \frac{GmM}{2R} \)
(d) \( \frac{GmM}{3R} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) \( \frac{5GmM}{6R} \)

Explanation:
1. Orbit radius is \( R+2R=3R \), so the energy in orbit is \( -\frac{GMm}{6R} \).
2. Energy at the surface (at rest, ignoring rotation) \( =-\frac{GMm}{R} \).
3. Required energy \( =-\frac{GMm}{6R}+\frac{GMm}{R}=\frac{5GMm}{6R} \).

Teacher's Note:
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2. e
3. m
4. e
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106. .

Question 15: Four particles, each of mass M, are placed at the corners of a square and move along a circle of radius R (the circumscribed circle) under the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The speed of each particle is:
(a) \( \sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}\left(1+2\sqrt2\right)} \)
(b) \( \sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}} \)
(c) \( \frac12\sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}\left(1+2\sqrt2\right)} \)
(d) \( \sqrt{2\sqrt2\frac{GM}{R}} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) \( \frac12\sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}\left(1+2\sqrt2\right)} \)

Explanation:
1. Side of the square \( =\sqrt2R \). Two neighbours at distance \( \sqrt2R \) and one opposite at 2R.
2. Net force towards the centre: \( 2\cdot\frac{GM^2}{2R^2}\cos45^\circ+\frac{GM^2}{4R^2}=\frac{GM^2}{4R^2}\left(2\sqrt2+1\right) \).
3. \( \frac{Mv^2}{R}=\frac{GM^2}{4R^2}(1+2\sqrt2) \), so \( v=\frac12\sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}(1+2\sqrt2)} \).

Teacher's Note:
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Question 16: From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R, a spherical portion of radius R/2 is removed (the cavity touches the surface of the sphere). Taking the gravitational potential V = 0 at infinity, the potential at the centre of the cavity is:
(a) \( -\frac{GM}{2R} \)
(b) \( -\frac{2GM}{3R} \)
(c) \( -\frac{2GM}{R} \)
(d) \( -\frac{GM}{R} \)
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) \( -\frac{GM}{R} \)

Explanation:
1. The cavity centre is at R/2 from the centre. Potential of the full sphere inside: \( V=-\frac{GM(3R^2-r^2)}{2R^3} \), which at \( r=\frac R2 \) is \( -\frac{11GM}{8R} \).
2. The removed sphere has mass \( \frac M8 \) and radius \( \frac R2 \); its potential at its own centre is \( -\frac32\frac{G(M/8)}{R/2}=-\frac{3GM}{8R} \).
3. Remaining: \( -\frac{11GM}{8R}+\frac{3GM}{8R}=-\frac{GM}{R} \).

Teacher's Note:
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Question 17: A point mass M is at a distance S from an infinitely long thin rod of linear density D, placed perpendicular to the rod's length direction from its mid-line. The gravitational force between the point mass and the rod is \( n\frac{MGD}{S} \). The value of n is:
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 4
(d) 3
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) 2

Explanation:
1. The field of an infinite line mass at distance S is \( g=\frac{2GD}{S} \) (use Gauss's law with a cylinder).
2. Force \( =\frac{2GDM}{S} \), so n = 2.

Teacher's Note:
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Question 18: The centres of a ring of mass m and a sphere of mass \( M=54\sqrt2\,m \), both of radius R, are at a distance \( \sqrt8R \) apart, with the sphere centre on the axis of the ring. The force of attraction between them is \( k\frac{Gm^2}{R^2} \). The value of k is:
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 12
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) 8

Explanation:
1. The axial field of a ring at distance x is \( \frac{Gmx}{(R^2+x^2)^{3/2}} \), with \( x=2\sqrt2R \), \( x^2=8R^2 \).
2. Force on M \( =\frac{GMm\,x}{(9R^2)^{3/2}}=\frac{G\,(54\sqrt2m)\,m\,(2\sqrt2R)}{27R^3}=\frac{216}{27}\frac{Gm^2}{R^2}=8\frac{Gm^2}{R^2} \).

Teacher's Note:
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Question 19: Two concentric spherical shells A and B of radii R and 2R and masses 4M and M respectively are placed as shown. The gravitational potential at a point P at distance r = 1.5R from the common centre is \( -\frac PqGM/R \) with P/q in lowest terms. The value of |P - 2q| is:
(a) 5
(b) 12
(c) 7
(d) 19
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) 7

Explanation:
1. At \( r=1.5R \), shell A (inside) acts as a point mass at the centre; shell B (outside) gives a constant potential \( -\frac{GM}{2R} \).
2. \( V=-\frac{4GM}{1.5R}-\frac{GM}{2R}=-\left(\frac83+\frac12\right)\frac{GM}{R}=-\frac{19}{6}\frac{GM}{R} \).
3. P = 19, q = 6, so |P - 2q| = |19 - 12| = 7.

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Question 20: A projectile of mass m is fired from the surface of the earth at an angle of 60 degrees from the vertical with initial speed \( v_0=\sqrt{\frac{GM_e}{R_e}} \). Neglecting air resistance and the earth's rotation, its maximum height is \( \frac{R_e}{x} \). The value of x is:
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 2
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) 2

Explanation:
1. At the highest point the velocity is perpendicular to r. Angular momentum: \( R_ev_0\sin60^\circ=r\,v \). Energy: \( \frac12v_0^2-\frac{GM}{R_e}=\frac12v^2-\frac{GM}{r} \), with \( GM=R_ev_0^2 \).
2. This gives \( 3R_e^2-8R_er+4r^2=0 \), so \( r=\frac32R_e \) (the other root \( \frac12R_e \) is below the surface).
3. Height \( =r-R_e=\frac{R_e}{2} \), so x = 2.

Teacher's Note:
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Question 21: A binary star has stars A (mass 2.2 times the solar mass) and B (mass 11 times the solar mass) separated by a distance d and rotating about their stationary centre of mass. The ratio of the total angular momentum of the binary star to the angular momentum of star B about the centre of mass is:
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 7
(d) 11
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) 6

Explanation:
1. Distances from the centre of mass are inversely proportional to masses: \( r_B=\frac{m_Ad}{m_A+m_B} \), \( r_A=\frac{m_Bd}{m_A+m_B} \). Both stars have the same angular velocity.
2. \( \frac{L_A}{L_B}=\frac{m_Ar_A^2}{m_Br_B^2}=\frac{m_Am_B^2}{m_Bm_A^2}=\frac{m_B}{m_A}=5 \).
3. \( \frac{L_{tot}}{L_B}=1+5=6 \).

Teacher's Note:
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99. .

Question 22: A satellite moves in an elliptical orbit around the earth. Its minimum and maximum distances from the earth (at a focus) are 3 units and 5 units. The distance from the earth when the satellite is at the end P of the minor axis of the ellipse is:
(a) 3.5 units
(b) 4 units
(c) 4.5 units
(d) 5 units
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (b) 4 units

Explanation:
1. Semi-major axis \( a=\frac{3+5}{2}=4 \).
2. The sum of the distances of any point of the ellipse from the two foci is 2a. At the end of the minor axis the two distances are equal, so each is a = 4 units.

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Question 23: A solid sphere of uniform density and radius R applies a gravitational force \( F_1 \) on a particle at a distance 2R from its centre. A spherical cavity of radius R/2 is made in the sphere, with its centre at R/2 from the sphere's centre on the side towards the particle. The sphere with the cavity now applies a force \( F_2 \) on the same particle. If \( \frac{F_2}{F_1}=\frac pq \) in lowest terms, |p - q| is:
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 7
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (c) 2

Explanation:
1. \( F_1=\frac{GMm}{4R^2} \). The removed mass is \( \frac M8 \), at distance \( 2R-\frac R2=\frac{3R}{2} \): \( F_{cav}=\frac{G(M/8)m}{9R^2/4}=\frac{GMm}{18R^2} \).
2. \( F_2=\frac{GMm}{R^2}\left(\frac14-\frac1{18}\right)=\frac{7}{36}\frac{GMm}{R^2} \), so \( \frac{F_2}{F_1}=\frac79 \).
3. p = 7, q = 9, |p - q| = 2.

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71. .

Question 24: A bullet is fired vertically upwards with velocity v from the surface of a spherical planet. When it reaches its maximum height, its acceleration due to the planet's gravity is one quarter of its value at the surface. If the escape velocity is \( v_{esc}=v\sqrt N \), then N is:
(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 8
(d) 2
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (d) 2

Explanation:
1. Acceleration is g/4 at distance 2R from the centre.
2. Energy: \( \frac12v^2-\frac{GM}{R}=-\frac{GM}{2R} \), so \( v^2=\frac{GM}{R} \).
3. \( v_{esc}^2=\frac{2GM}{R}=2v^2 \), so N = 2.

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Question 25: A large spherical mass M is fixed and two identical point masses m are on a line through its centre, joined by a rigid massless rod of length l; the assembly is free to move, and the three masses interact only gravitationally. When the point mass nearer to M is at distance r = 3l from M, the tension in the rod is zero for \( m=k\frac{M}{288} \). The value of k is:
(a) 7
(b) 5
(c) 9
(d) 14
Show Answer & Explanation

Answer: (a) 7

Explanation:
1. Zero tension means the two masses accelerate equally. Near mass (at 3l, taking direction towards M as positive): \( a_1=\frac{GM}{9l^2}-\frac{Gm}{l^2} \). Far mass (at 4l): \( a_2=\frac{GM}{16l^2}+\frac{Gm}{l^2} \).
2. \( a_1=a_2 \): \( GM\left(\frac19-\frac1{16}\right)=\frac{2Gm}{1}\cdot1 \), i.e. \( \frac{7M}{144}=2m \).
3. \( m=\frac{7M}{288} \), so k = 7.

Teacher's Note:
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