Download JEE Chemistry Concept Summaries: JEE Chemistry Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques Notes Set 08
Access comprehensive revision notes for Organic Chemistry using the JEE Chemistry Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques Notes Set 08. Designed to align with the 2026-27 academic syllabus for JEE Chemistry, these concept summaries help students streamline their exam preparation and review complex topics efficiently.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution And Free Radical Substitution
Directing effects
Groups with a lone pair (–OH, –OR, –NHR, –NH₂) and alkyl groups activate the ring and direct ortho/para. Halogens deactivate by induction but still direct ortho/para. Groups such as –NO₂, –CHO, –COR, –CCl₃ and –CN deactivate the ring and direct meta.
Reactivity order
An activating group raises the rate and a deactivating group lowers it, so nitrobenzene is less reactive than chlorobenzene, which is less reactive than toluene, which is less reactive than N-methylaniline. In a molecule with two rings, such as an aryl ester, the ring bonded to oxygen is the more activated one.
Friedel–Crafts alkylation
Alkyl halides with AlCl₃, alkenes with acid and alcohols with acid all generate carbocations that alkylate benzene. Rearrangement of the carbocation can occur, and the ring becomes more reactive after alkylation.
Free radical halogenation
Light or heat starts a radical chain. The ease of hydrogen abstraction is tertiary > secondary > primary. Side-chain halogenation of toluene needs light, while ring halogenation needs a Lewis acid. Using excess alkane reduces polysubstitution.
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Organic Chemistry Concepts and Summary for JEE Chemistry
About Organic Chemistry Revision Notes
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