CBSE Class 10 Social Science HOTs The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Assertion-Reason Questions
DIRECTION:
Mark the option which is most suitable:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion. Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one was ruled by an Italian princely house. Reason. The north was under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs and the southern regions were under the domination of The Bourbons of Spain. Therefore assertion is true but reason is false.

Question. Assertion. Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Reason. They were closely bound to each other in spite of their autonomous rule.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Diverse people lived within the territories. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. They spoke different languages, belonged to different ethnic groups, there were no close ties binding them.

Question. Assertion. Giuseppe Mazzini worked with the conservatives for the monarchy. Reason. Italy had to continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. It could not be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. Thus both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Reason. Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against the contractors who supplied raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. The year 1848 was the year when rise in food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. Earlier in 1845, a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages and had led a revolt. Therefore, both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Question. Assertion. From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices like the idea of la patrie and le citoyen. Reason. This was done to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. From the very beginning, the French Revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that would create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The centralised administrative system was one of the measures taken for making uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.

Question. Assertion. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland. Reason. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country.
Answer : (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. This situation refers to the unification of Britain. Assertion refers to Scottish people and how they suffered because of the long-drawn-out process. Their culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. However, the reason refers to how the Irishmen suffered in the hands of Englishmen as it was a country deeply divided between the Catholics and Protestants. It was largely a Catholic country but the Protestants got support from the English to suppress the Catholic revolts. It does not explain the assertion.

Question. Assertion. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives revolted in the Frankfurt parliament. Reason. The elected representatives revolted against the issue of extending political rights to women.
Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Therefore, both assertion and reason are false.

Question. Assertion. In the areas conquered by Napoleon the reactions of the local population were mixed. Reason. Increased taxation, censorship etc. out-weigh the advantages of administrative changes.
Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. The local population of the conquered area showed mixed reactions to the French rule. In many places and cities, the French armies were welcomed as the saviour of liberty. People hoped that the French armies will promote freedom on their land. On the other hand, when people’s political freedom was restricted they became hostile irrespective of the benefits of administrative reforms. Increase in tax, censorship and forced and essential services to the French armies were some of the measures taken by the French rule, which made the local population hostile.

Question. Assertion. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved. Reason. Zollverein was formed to preserve conservatism.
Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. It is true that Conservatives wanted gradual change and believed that established traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved but the reason is not correct because Zollverein was German customs union, it does not relate to the preservation/conservatism.

Question. Assertion. In France, were the ‘Bibliothéque Bleué, which were low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. Reason. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Very Short Answer Type Questions 

Question. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s.
Answer : Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe during 1830s: 1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities. 2. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine- made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production. 3. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.

Question. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer : Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation.
In France, she was named Marianne —a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic —the red cap, the tricolour and cockade.

Question. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer : Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne —a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic —the red cap, the tricolour and cockade.

Question. Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) The Greek war of independence
(d) Frankfurt Parliament
Answer : (a) Guiseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian. He was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies - Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. (b) Count Camillo de Cavour He was the chief minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state. He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France with the help of which Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. This, consequently helped to free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
(c) The Greek war of independence It was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many Western Europeans who had sympathies for the ancient Greek culture . (d) Frankfurt parliament All those political associations existing in the German region whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans, formed an all-German National Assembly. On Its first meeting was held on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul at Frankfurt where 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly

Long Answer Type Questions 

Question : Mention any three measures adopted by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French People.
Answer : The first clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution. To make the Revolution a success it was very important to instill a sense of unity in every citizen. To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed:
(i) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
(ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the nation of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralised administrative system practising uniform laws for all citizens within its territory was set up.
(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
(vii) Regional languages were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation. 

Question. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer.
▪The most serious nationalist tension in Europe came after 1871.
▪The inhabitants of this region were known as the Slavs.
▪A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
▪After the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, Nationalism in Balkans made it very explosive.
▪The nationalities in the Balkans were struggling to win back their independence.

Question. What conditions of Balkan areas led to World War First?
Answer.
▪The different slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and freedom.
▪This made the Balkan area most explosive.
▪The Balkan states were jealous of each other tried to dominate others by territorial expansion.
▪During this period, European powers became rivals over trade and colonies.
▪These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.
▪This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Question. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer. The people of Balkans aspired to nationalism. This one is the main reason for the tension.
▪Ethnic Variation:- The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
Their inhabitants were known as slaves.
▪Disintegration of Ottoman Empire :- A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire. Spreading of nationalism & disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region vere explosive.
▪Subjugation :- Soon many foreign powers attempted to subjugate these newly independent states.
▪Jealousy :- There was a jealousy among the Balkan states and each tried to expand their boundaries.
▪Power Struggle :- Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Britain, the European powers were very interested to expand their own imperialism.
Note :-
●Imperialism :- Subjugation by a nation of other nation/ Government/ territories economy and cultural power by force.
●Nationalism :- Feelings towards our nation and its political, economic and cultural system by promoting
common interests.

Question. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were
portrayed?
Answer. Marianne & Germania
▪Both were female allegories invented by artists to represent the nation in the 19th century.
▪In France, Marianne is a popular Christian name means the idea of people's nation.
▪Both were characterised for Liberty and the Republic.
▪Germania was the allegory of German nation. She wore a crown of oak leaves.