CBSE Class 12 Geography Primary Activities Worksheet

GIST OF THE LESSON:

HUNITINGAND GATHERING

Depend on their immediate environment. Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered, Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering, fishing. Oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions depend on animals, for food , shelter, clothing small capital, low level of technology.

Practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern Chile. Low latitude such as Amazon, Congo , S.E. Asian countries.

In modern market some gathering is done such as leaves, bark nuts, fabric rubber, balata, gums and resins.

PASTORALISM

NOMEDIC HERDING:

• Herders depend on animals for food, transport, and shelter and clothing.

• Keep on moving from one place to another along with their animals.

• Each nomadic community occupies a well identified territory

• Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions

• Sahara &Asiatic deserts: sheep, goat, & camel

• Tibet: yak, Andes: llamas, arctic region: Reindeer

REGIONS:

1 Core regions extending from Atlantic coast of N. Africa through Arabian Peninsula to Central China

2. Second region extends in Tundra region of Eurasia

3. Third region is found in S.WAfrica and Madagascar Transhumance: Seasonal movement of people along with their herds to mountains in summer and to plains in winter. Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis& Bhotias in Himalayas The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to Imposition of political boundaries New settlement plans by different countries 

Transhumance: Seasonal movement of people along with their herds to mountains in summer and to plains in winter. Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis& Bhotias in Himalayas
The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to Imposition of political boundaries
New settlement plans by different countries

COMMERCIAL LIVE STOCK REARING
1. It is more organized
2. Capital intensive
3. Practiced in permanent ranches 4.larger areas and divided in to parcels
5. Animals are moved from one parcel to another
6 . Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
7. Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
8. Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA

AGRICULTURE TYPES OFAGRICULTURE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
a. primitive subsistence agriculture
b. intensive subsistence agriculture
Primitive subsistence agriculture:
1. Also called shifting cultivation/ slash and burn agriculture
2.practicved by tribes in tropics
3 Land holdings are small
4. Do not use fertilizers
5. Change the land frequently
6. After 5 years they come back again.
7. It is called JHUMING in N.E. INDIA, MILPAin SouthAmerica, and LADANG in Malaysia

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCEAGRICULTURE:
1. Found in density populated areas
2. There are two types
A. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY WET PADDY
CULTIVATION
 dominated by rice crop,
 land holdings are very small
 family labor is used
 less use of machine
 manual labor is used
 Farm yard manure is used
 Yield per unit is high but per capita is low

B. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCEAGRICULTURE DOMINATED BY OTHER CROPS.
Depend on climate, soil, relief other crops are cultivated.
Mainly practiced in SEASIA.
C. Wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum are cultivated in India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain millets are grown in western parts of south India irrigation is used Europeans introduced Plantation agriculture

PLANTATIONAGRICULTURE
♦ Introduced by Europeans Found in tropics
♦ Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane ,banana, & pine apples
♦ Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support
♦ Scientific methods of cultivation
♦ Single crop specialization,
♦ Cheap labour
♦ Good system of transport
♦ Export oriented
(a) The French established cocoa and coffee in west Africa (b)The British set up tea gardens In India and Sri Lanka
(b) Rubber plantation in Malaysia, sugarcane and banana inWest Indies
(c) Spanish and Americans introduced coconut and sugar cane in Philippines
(d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia
(e) Coffee Fazandas are managed by British in Brazil.

EXTENSIVE COMMERCIALGRAIN CULTIVATION
♦ Practiced in semiarid land of mid latitudes
♦ Wheat is the main crop
♦ Corn, barley oats and rye are grown
♦ Large land holdings
♦ Machines are used
♦ Low yield per acre but high yield per person
♦ Practiced in prairies, pampas, veldts, down, Canterbury plains.

DAIRYFARMING
♦ Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing
♦ Highly capital intensive
♦ Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used
♦ Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care
♦ Highly labour intensive
♦ No off season
♦ Practiced nearby urban areas and industries
♦ Development of transportation, refrigeration pasteurization have increased the marketing

MEDITERRANEANAGRICULTURE
Highly specialized commercial agriculture
Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean Sea also central Chile, SWAfrica, SWAustralia & California
♦ It is an important supplier of citrus fruits
♦ VITICULTURE is specialized in this region
♦ Best quality wine is produced from grapes
♦ Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants
♦ Olives and figs are also grown
♦ Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great demand in Europe

MARKET GARDENINGAND HORTICULTURE
♦ Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown
♦ Small farms, located nearby urban areas
♦ Good transportation is required
♦ Labor and capital intensive
♦ Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used
♦ Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions
♦ Practiced in NWEurope , NE USA & Mediterranean regions
♦ Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower
♦ The regions where vegetable are grown is called TRUCK FARMING

FACTORY FARMING
♦ Factory farming is also practiced in NWEurope
♦ It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing
♦ They are fed on factory fodder stuff and carefully supervised against diseases
♦ Heavy capital investments
♦ Veterinary services, heating and lightning is provided
♦ Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature

COOPERATIVE FARMING
♦ A group of farmers form a society
♦ Pool their resources to get more profit
♦ Individual farms remain intact
♦ Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative
♦ Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs
♦ Sell the products at the most favorable terms
♦ Help in processing products at cheaper rates
♦ Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy

COLLECTIVE FARMING
♦ Social owner ship for means of production and labour
♦ It is also called as KOLKHOZ
♦ It was introduced in erstwhile USSR
♦ Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour
♦ A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops
♦ Yearly targets are fixed by the government
♦ Government fixes the product rates
♦ Excess produce is distributed among the farmers
♦ The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land
♦ Members are paid according to their nature of the work
♦ Exceptional work is rewarded by the government

MINING
There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age
Actual development is started with the industrialization

FACTORSAFFECTING MININGACTIVITY
Physical factors such as size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral Economic factors such as demand for mineral, technology available, capital, labor, and transportation

METHODS OF MINING
Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining

1. SURFACE /OPENCAST MINING
Easiest , and cheapest mining
Occur close to the surface
Low safety precautions
Large and quick output

2. UNDERGROUND/SHAFT MINING
Vertical shafts to be sunk
Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
It requires specialized drills , lifts, haulage vehicles ,ventilation systems
This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to accidents
It requires large investment
Developed countries are showing less interest but developing countries are more interest due to large labor availability.

One Marks Question

Question. Write any two plantation crop.
Answer: Banana & Coffee.

Question. Write any two primary activities?
Answer: Hunting,Agriculture, fishing, mining

Question. What do you mean by Transhumance?
Answer: Seasonal migration of the people with their herds.

Three Marks Question

Question. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type agriculture.
Answer:
1. Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture.
2. Viticulture agriculture is highly specialized of the Mediterranean region.
3. Best quality wines in theworld with distinctive flavours are produced from high quality grapes .Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants.
4. Olives and figs are produced in this region.
5. The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and north
American Markets.

Five Marks Question

Question. What is themeaning ofmarket gardening and horticulture? Describe any four characteristics of this type of agriculture of the world.
Answer: Market gardening and horticulture specialize in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables fruits and flower solely for the urban markets.
Characteristics
Farms are small
Labour and Capital intensive
Farms are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre Lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.

Question and Answer..

Question. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial livestock rearing.
Answer: 
Pastoral Nomadism              Commercial livestock rearing
1. Depends on Nature                  Permanent ranches.
2. Lowlevel of herding                  Advanced technology
3. Subsistence economy              Commercial economy
4. Ex-Tribals of eastern                New Zealand and all the temperate
Africa, Tundra etc.                       Grasslands

Question. What is Truck farming? Mention any two features of truck farming.
Answer:
1. This type of farming is practiced in the peripheral areas of Metropolitan cities where,
vegetables and milk are brought daily to the cities by trucks by traveling overnight.
2. Farmers are engaged in growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers etc.
3. They use HYV seeds, Chemicals and fertilizers.
4. This farming requires a well-developed network of roads connected with fields.

Question. What is the meaning of market gardening and horticulture? Describe any four characteristics of this type of agriculture of the world.
Answer: Market gardening and horticulture specialize in the cultivation of high value crops such as vegetables fruits and flower solely for the urban markets.
Characteristics
Farms are small
Labour and Capital intensive
Farms are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre
Lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.