CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Strategies For Enhancement In food Production

Please refer to CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Strategies For Enhancement In food Production. Download HOTS questions and answers for Class 12 Biology. Read CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs for Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production below and download in pdf. High Order Thinking Skills questions come in exams for Biology in Class 12 and if prepared properly can help you to score more marks. You can refer to more chapter wise Class 12 Biology HOTS Questions with solutions and also get latest topic wise important study material as per NCERT book for Class 12 Biology and all other subjects for free on Studiestoday designed as per latest CBSE, NCERT and KVS syllabus and pattern for Class 12

Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production Class 12 Biology HOTS

Class 12 Biology students should refer to the following high order thinking skills questions with answers for Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production in Class 12. These HOTS questions with answers for Class 12 Biology will come in exams and help you to score good marks

HOTS Questions Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production Class 12 Biology with Answers

 

Question. Read the given statements about outcrossing.
I. It is the breeding between animals within the same breed which do not have commonancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.
II. It is done to increase milk production and growth rate in animals.
Which of the statement (s) given above is/are correct?
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) I and II
(d) None of these
Answer : C

Question. A group of animals which are related by descent and share many similarities are referred to as
(a) breed
(b) race
(c) variety
(d) species
Answer : A

Question. Inbreeding is carried out in animal husbandry because it
(a) increases vigour
(b) improves the breed
(c) increases heterozygosity
(d) increases homozygosity
Answer : D

Question. Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are varieties of
(a) wheat
(b) rice
(c) millet
(d) tobacco
Answer : A

Question. Which one of the following is not a fungal disease?
(a) Rust of wheat
(b) Smut of bajra
(c) Black rot of crucifers
(d) Red rot of sugarcane
Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following combination would a sugarcane farmer look for in the sugarcane crop?
(a) Thick stem, long internodes, high sugar content and disease resistant
(b) Thick stem, high sugar content and profuse flowering
(c) Thick stem, short internodes, high sugar content, disease resistant
(d) Thick stem, low sugar content and disease resistant
Answer : A

Question. Fungicides and antibiotics are chemicals that
(a) enhance yield and disease resistance
(b) kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria, respectively
(c) kill all pathogenic microbes
(d) kill pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively
Answer : B

Question. Which one of the following products of apiculture is used in cosmetics and polishes?
(a) Honey
(b) Porp oil
(c) Wax
(d) Royal jelly
Answer : C

Question. Use of certain chemicals and radiation to change the base sequences of genes of crop plants is termed
(a) recombinant DNA technology
(b) transgenic mechanism
(c) mutation breeding
(d) gene therapy
Answer : C

Question. The scientific process by which crop plants are enriched with certain desirable nutrients is called
(a) crop protection
(b) breeding
(c) biofortification
(d) bioremediation
Answer : C

Question. Lysine and tryptophan are
(a) proteins
(b) non-essential amino acids
(c) essential amino acids
(d) aromatic amino acids
Answer : C

Question. The term ‘totipotency’ refers to the capacity of a
(a) cell to generate whole plant
(b) bud to generate whole plant
(c) seed to germinate
(d) cell to enlarge in size
Answer : A

Question. To isolate protoplast in plants, one needs
(a) pectinase
(b) cellulase
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) chitinase
Answer : C

Question. Which one of the following is a marine fish?
(a) Rohu
(b) Hilsa
(c) Catla
(d) Common carp
Answer : B

Question. An explant is
(a) dead plant
(b) part of the plant
(c) part of the plant used in tissue culture
(d) part of the plant that expresses a specific gene
Answer : C

Question. In virus-infected plants, the meristematic tissues in both apical and axillary buds are free of virus because
(a) the dividing cells are virus resistant
(b) meristems have antiviral compounds
(c) the cell division of meristems is faster than the rate of viral multiplication
(d) viruses cannot multiply within meristem cell(s)
Answer : C

Question. Several South Indian states raise 2-3 crops of rice annually. The agronomic feature that makes this possible is because of
(a) shorter rice plant
(b) better irrigation facilities
(c) early yielding rice variety
(d) disease resistant rice variety
Answer : C

Question. The biggest constraint of plant breeding is
(a) availability of desirable gene in the crop and its wild relatives
(b) infrastructure
(c) trained manpower
(d) transfer of genes from unrelated sources
Answer : A

Question. Micropropagation is
(a) propagation of microbes in vitro
(b) propagation of plants in vitro
(c) propagation of cells in vitro
(d) growing plants on smaller scale
Answer : B

Question. Protoplast is
(a) another name for protoplasm
(b) an animal cell
(c) a plant cell without a cell wall
(d) a plant cell
Answer : C

Question. More than 70% of livestock population is in
(a) Denmark
(b) India
(c) China
(d) India and China
Answer : D

Question. The agriculture sector of India employs
(a) 50% of the population
(b) 70% of the population
(c) 30% of the population
(d) 60% of the population
Answer : D

Question. 33% of India’s Gross Domestic Product comes from
(a) industry
(b) agriculture
(c) export
(d) small-scale cottage industries
Answer : B

Question. A collection of all the alleles of all the genes of a crop plant is called
(a) germplasm collection
(b) protoplasm collection
(c) herbarium
(d) somaclonal collection
Answer : A

Question. Given below are a few statements regarding somatic hybridisation.
I. Protoplasts of different cells of the same plant are fused.
II. Protoplasts from cells of different species can be fused.
III. Treatment of cells with cellulase and pectinase is mandatory.
IV. The hybrid protoplast contains characters of only one parental protoplast.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I and IV
(d) II and III
Answer : D

Ques. Which one of the following fish is introduced into India by foreigners?
(a) Mystus singhala
(b) Clarius batrachus
(c) Labeo rohita
(d) Pomfret 

Answer : D

Ques. The silkworm silk is the product of
(a) salivary gland of the larva
(b) salivary gland of the adult
(c) cuticle of the larva
(d) cuticle of the adult. 

Answer : A

Ques. Silk is produced by
(a) adult moth
 (b) cocoon
(c) larva
(d) both (a) and (c).

Answer : C

Ques. Which among the following is the real product of the honeybee?
(a) Honey
 (b) Propolis
(c) Pollen
(d) Beewax 

Answer : 

Ques. Silk thread is obtained from silk moth during
(a) pupal stage
(b) larval stage
(c) nymph stage
 (d) adult stage. 

Answer : A

Ques. A true breeding plant is
(a) one that is able to breed on its own
(b) produced due to cross-pollination among unrelated plants
(c) near homozygous and produces offspring of its own kind
(d) always homozygous recessive in its genetic constitution. 

Answer : C

Ques. A system of rotating crops with legume or grass pasture to improve soil structure and fertility is called
(a) strip farming
(b) shifting agriculture
(c) ley farming
(d) contour farming.

Answer : C

Ques. A cell at telophase stage is observed by a student in a plant brought from the field. He tells his teacher that this cell is not like other cells at telophase stage. There is no formation of cell plate and thus the cell is containing more number of chromosomes as compared to other dividing cells. This would result in
(a) somaclonal variation
(b) polyteny
(c) aneuploidy
(d) polyploidy. 

Answer : D

Ques. In plant breeding programmes, the entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called
(a) evaluation and selection of parents
(b) germplasm collection
(c) selection of superior recombinants
(d) cross-hybridisation among the selected parents. 

Answer : B

Ques. Green revolution in India occurred during
(a) 1960’s
(b) 1970’s
(c) 1980’s
(d) 1950’s. 

Answer : A

Ques. A collection of plants and seed having diverse alleles of all the genes of a crop is called
(a) herbarium
(b) germplasm
(c) gene library
(d) genome. 

Answer : B

Ques. “Jaya” and “Ratna” developed for green revolution in India are the varieties of
(a) maize
(b) rice
(c) wheat
(d) bajra.

Answer : B

Ques. ‘Himgiri’ developed by hybridisation and selection for disease resistance against rust pathogens is a variety of
(a) chilli
(b) maize
(c) sugarcane
 (d) wheat. 

Answer : D

Ques. Breeding of crops with high levels of minerals, vitamins and proteins is called
(a) somatic hybridisation
(b) biofortification
(c) biomagnification
(d) micropropagation. 

Answer : B

Ques. Haploids are more suitable for mutation studies than the diploids. This is because
(a) haploids are more abundant in nature than diploids
(b) all mutations, whether dominant or recessive are expressed in haploids
(c) haploids are reproductively more stable than diploids
(d) mutagens penetrate in haploids more effectively than in diploids. 

Answer : B

Ques. Which one of the following is linked to the discovery of Bordeaux mixture as a popular fungicide?
(a) Loose smut of wheat
(b) Black rust of wheat
(c) Bacterial leaf blight of rice
(d) Downy mildew of grapes 

Answer : D

Ques. Consider the following four measures (A-D) that could be taken to successfully grow chickpea in an area where bacterial blight disease is common.
(A) Spray with Bordeaux mixture
(B) Control of the insect vector of the disease pathogen
(C) Use of only disease-free seeds
(D) Use of varieties resistant to the disease
Which two of the above measures can control the disease?
(a) (C) and (D)   
(b) (A) and (D)
(c) (B) and (C)   
(d) (A) and (B)

Answer : B

Ques. In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by
(a) crossing of two inbred parental lines
(b) harvesting seeds from the most productive plants
(c) inducing mutations
(d) bombarding the seeds with DNA. 

Answer : A

Ques. In the hexaploid wheat, the haploid (n) and basic (x) numbers of chromosomes are
(a) n = 21 and x = 21
 (b) n = 21 and x = 14
(c) n = 21 and x = 7
 (d) n = 7 and x = 21.

Answer : C

 

Very Short Answer Questions

Question. Mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits.
Answer. Inbreeding

Question. Why are apical and axillary meristems used for tissue culture?
Answer. Because these are free from virus.

Question. Write the importance of MOET. 
Answer. MOET is used to increase the herd size in a short time. It also improves the chances of production of hybrids.

Question. Why is the South Indian sugarcane preferred by agriculturalists? 
Answer. South Indian sugarcane has thicker stem and higher sugar content.

Question. Write an alternate source of protein for animal and human nutrition. 
Answer. Single cell protein/Spirulina

Short Answer Questions

Question. How can we improve the success rate of fertilisation during artificial insemination in animal husbandry programmes?
Answer. The technology called MOET or Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer is used to increase the success rate.

Question. (a) List two advantages of keeping beehives in a crop field during flowering season.
(b) Name one annual and one perennial crop species favourable to beeswax collection.
OR
Give the scientific name of the most common species of honey bee reared in India. Why is it advantageous to keep beehives in crop-fields during flowering periods? 
Answer. (a) The most common species of honey bee reared in India is Apis indica. Honeybees are good pollinators of almost all the plants. The flowers in turn offer floral rewards like nectar and pollen grains. So, when beehives are kept in crop-fields during the flowering season, honey collection increases and in turn the crop yield also increases.
(b) Annual crop: Sunflower/Brassica Perennial crop: Apple/pear.

Question. How can healthy potato plants be obtained from a desired potato variety which is viral infected? Explain. 
Answer. Even though a plant is infected by a virus, the meristem (apical or axillary) is free of virus. So the meristem can be removed and grown in vitro, under sterile conditions and special nutrient/culture medium.

Question. Describe the technology that has successfully increased the herd size of cattle in a short time to meet the increasing demands of growing human population. 
Answer. Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size of cattle. The cow is administered with FSH to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation to produce 6 to 8 eggs per cycle. It is then mated or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mother where they develop into an improved variety.

Question. Plant breeding technique has helped sugar industry in North India. Explain how.
Answer. (ii) Sugarcane
 Saccharum barberi and Saccharum officinarum were crossed to obtain sugarcane varieties having desirable qualities.
 S. barberi was grown in north India and had poor sugar content and yield.
 S. officinarum did not grow in north India but had thicker stem and higher sugar content.
 The new sugarcane varieties formed by crossing the two varieties had the following qualities:
(a) high yield,
(b) thick stem,
(c) high sugar content,
(d) ability to grow in north India.

Question. High yielding cattle is a good solution for food enhancement. How does the MOET technology help to increase the herd size? 
Answer.  It is a programme for herd improvement in animals like cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares, etc.
 High milk-yielding breeds of female have been bred with high quality (lean meat with less lipid) meat-yielding bulls to increase herd size in lesser time.
Procedure
(i) A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation.
(ii) The cow produces i6n−s 8te aodnoeef eggggs produ ncoerdmally.
(iii) It noisw , ei ther ma wteidth an elite bour lal rtificial inseminatio n cairs roieudt.
(iv) When the fertilised eggs attain 8−32 cells stage, they are non-surgically removed and transferred to a surrogate mother.
(v) The genetic mother can now be again super-ovulated.

Question. Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production.
Answer. Fishery is an industry related to the catching, processing and selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals. Fishes are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, and are considered as complete food. Fish liver oil is used in medicine industry. A large part of human population depends on fish and fish products and other aquatic animals such as prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc., for food. Fishery provides income and employment to a large number of fishermen in coastal states.

Question. By taking two examples explain how has biofortification helped in improving food quality.
Answer. Biofortification has improved protein content and quality, oil content and quality, vitamin content, micronutrients and mineral content. For example, Atlas 66 has been used as a donor for developing wheat varieties with improved protein content. Maize hybrids have been developed with increased amount of amino acids, lysin and tryptophan.

Question. In MOET technology, two ‘mothers’ are needed to produce one calf. Justify. 
Answer. In MOET technology, one mother cow is administered hormones to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. These fertilised eggs are transferred to the second surrogate mothers for development.

Question. Demand for mushroom as food has led to its culturing on a large scale. Similarly, it is perceived that microbes too would become acceptable as food. Identify a microbe which can be cultured as a food source and give the applicability of its culture in the given context.
OR
To reduce the percentage of population suffering from hunger and malnutrition, microbes are grown on a large scale to act as food supplements. Mention any two microbes used as food supplement and suggest their role. 
Answer. The two microbes used as food supplements are:
(i) Spirulina: Produces large quantities of food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.
(ii) Methylophilus methylotrophus: 250 gm of this microorganism produces 25 tonnes of protein per day.

Question. Success rate of artificial insemination in cattle is fairly low. Identify any other mean to improve the successful production of hybrids. State the advantages of this technique.

Answer. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET) technology can be used to improve production of hybrids. This technique produces 8-10 eggs at a time and the genetic mother is only available for superovulation. By this technique, herd size can be increased in a short time.

Question. Lifestyle diseases are increasing alarmingly in India. We are also dealing with large scale malnutrition in the population. Is there any method by which we can address both these problems? 
Answer. The answer to address both these problems is biofortification. This looks at improving food quality with respect to protein, oil, vitamin, micro-nutrient and mineral content. The oils need to be rich in omega-3 fatty acids which are good for heart. Similarly, proteins should have more of lysine and tryptophan (essential amino acids). Many varieties of maize, carrots and spinach have been released with increased content of vitamin A, vitamin C, iron and calcium which fulfill the above criteria.

Question. How is outcrossing different from cross breeding? 
Answer. Outcrossing is the practice of mating animals of the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations whereas cross breeding is the cross of one with superior females of another breed.

Long Answer Questions

Question. (a) Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to promotion of micropropagation.
(b) Mention two advantages of micropropagation.
(c) Give two examples where it is commercially adopted. 
Answer. (a) (i) Failed to keep pace with demand.
(ii) Failed to provide fast and efficient system of crop improvement.
(b) (i) Large number of plants can be developed in a short duration.
(ii) Production of genetically identical plants or somaclones.
(iii) Healthy plants can be recovered from diseased plants. (Any two)
(c) Tomato, banana, apple. (Any two)

Question. (a) “Fortification of crops is the need of the hour.” Give two reasons.
(b) Select one fresh water and one marine fish from the following:
Prawn; Catla; Mackerel; Lobster 
Answer. Fortification of crops is needed for following reasons:
(a) (i) To improve the nutritional quality,
(ii) to improve public health,
(iii) to prevent malnutrition, (Any two)
(b) Fresh water : Catla
Marine fish : Mackerel.

Question. Enumerate any six essentials of good, effective dairy farm management practices.
Explain the efforts which must be put in to improve health, hygiene and milk yield of cattle in a dairy farm. 
Answer. (i) The cattle in the dairy farm must be housed and fed properly.
(ii) Cleanliness should be maintained in the milking area.
(iii) The health of the dairy cattle should be of utmost importance and a veterinary doctor must visit regularly.
(iv) Regular inspections of the farm, maintaining records, identification and rectification of problems should be done along with maintaining precautionary measures.
(v) Milking should be done in a dirt-free area and all the sanitary conditions should be maintained.
(vi) High-yielding and disease-resistant breeds can be selec tetod maximis ebenefits.

Question. Mention the property of plant cells that has helped them to grow into a new plant in in vitro conditions. Explain the advantages of micropropagation. 
Answer. The property of plant cells that helped them to grow into a new plant is totipotency.
The advantages of micropropagation are:
(i) It is possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations.
Plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been produced on commercial scale.
(ii) Healthy plants can be recovered from diseased plants by micropropagation. This is done by removing the meristem, which is disease-free and growing it in vitro. This has been done in banana, sugar cane, potato, etc.

Question. (a) Explain how to overcome inbreeding depression in cattle. 
(b) List three advantages of inbreeding in cattle.
(c) Name an improved breed of cattle.
Answer. (a) In order to overcome the cattle from inbreeding depression, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed or different breed. This helps in restoring the fertility and yield in the cattle.
(b) (i) Pure lines can be obtained.
(ii) Harmful recessive genes are exposed that are eliminated by selection.
(iii) Superior genes can be accumulated by inbreeding by eliminating undesirable genes.
(c) Jersey cow.

Question. Mention the cause and effect of inbreeding depression in cattle. How can it be overcome? Explain.
Answer. Inbreeding which refers to the mating between closely related individuals with the same breed for 4–6 generations causes inbreeding depression. Continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding usually reduces the fertility and even productivity of the organism, this is called as inbreeding depression.
It can be overcome by mating the selected animals of breeding population with unrelated superior animals of same breed or different breed to restore fertility and yield.

Question. A farmer in order to continue and enhance the benefits used to cross the siblings of the domesticated cattle from his reserves. This he was doing for the past few generations. He was surprised to notice that the breed which used to give him good returns has reduced its productivity.’ What does this tells you about the exploitation of scientific tech. Was he going wrong some where or there was some other reason for reduced profits? 
Answer. Continued inbreeding – accumulation of homozygotes- inbreeding depression – loss of productivity.
 
Question. It is estimated that more than 70% of the world livestock population is in India and China. Yet they contribute only 25% of the world’s farm produce .What does it indicates. How can we improve it? 
Answer. The per unit productivity is very low. So in addition to conventional practice of animal breeding & care, new technologies also have to be an applied.
 
Question. As the population is continuously increasing and land for agriculture is decreasing. So how we can overcome food scarcity problem. Suggest two measures. 
Answer. Sea food fisheries
Use DNA modulation technique for better prospects in agriculture.
 
Question. Genetic variability is the root of any breeding program. How can these naturally occurring genetic variations be used for benefit to mankind and the biosphere in general. 
Answer. Out breading-unrelated animals of a variety Cross breading-between different breeds Inter-specific hybridization between different species
 
Question. Following are the steps in a particular process. Name the process and fill in the steps that are given as blanks.
(i)Collection of Germplasm
(ii)______ _↓  a____________
(iii)Cross breeding / hybridized
(iv)_______↓_b____________
(v)Testing release & commercialization of the new cultivator. 
Answer. a) Evaluation and selection of parents
         b) Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
 
Question. SCP- One of the alternate source of protein for animal and human beings. Expand this term and how it could ease the pressure on agriculture and dairy farming. 
Answer.. Single cell protein-Microbes like spirulina can be gown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants, molasses, animal manure, even sewage in large quantities & serve as food as it is rich in nutrients & specially proteins (microbial components). 250g of microbe Methylophilus methylotrophus can yield 25 tones of proteins.
 
Question. Fill in the blanks 1, 2, and 3.
Name of the crop                           Name of the hybrid variety                  Resistant to
Brassica                                                        1                                         Aphids
Flat bean                                                Pusa sem                                       2
Okera Bhindi                                                3                                Shoot and fruit borer 
Answer. 1. Pusa Gaurav 2. Jassids 3. Pusa Sawarnim
 
Question. ‘Three Billion people in the world suffer from the problem of hidden hunger. What does this signifies concerning food availability. Biofortification is the latest concept that is considered to be the possible solution to the problem.’ Comment? 
Answer. Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein & healthier fats is the most practical means to reduce incidence of hidden hunger.
 
Question. Totipotency is the capacity to generate a whole plant from any vegetative single cell. This characteristic of plant cell is used to produce thousands of plantlets through tissue culture. What is the technical term for this method? Are these plants genetically identical to the original plant? What terminology can be given to these plants?
Answer. Micro propagation. Yes, Somaclones
 
Question. MOET is a programme for heard improvement. Expand this term and arrange the following step in correct sequence.
a) Produce 6-8 egg.
b) A cow is administered hormones with FSH like activity.
c) Mating the animal with an elite bull.
d) Transferred to surrogate mothers.
e) Fertilized eggs at 8-32 cell stages are recovered non surgically. 
Answer. [ b,a,c,e,d ]
 
Question. Besides conventional breeding technique for disease resistant varieties, now a day a new breeding technique is practiced. How it is advantageous over the conventional technique or what is the drawback of this technique? 
Answer. Conventional breeding is often constrained by the availability of limited number of disease resistant gene. New techniques involving :- genetics, molecular biology, tissue culture have resulted in introduction of identification of the desired gene in the nature, its introduction in the cultivated variety, its multiplication by culturing procedures. Its disadvantage being the leakage of introduced gene in the wild or the possible unforeseen ill effects.
 
Question. 250 g of micro-organism due to its high rate of biomass production can be expected to produce 25 tones of protein. Write scientific name of this organism. How can it decide the future of mankind in the space? 
Answer. Methylophilus Methylotrophus. Less load of food on the space ship, production of food as and when required outside the dimensions of biosphere.
 
Question. Atlas 66 has been used as donar for improving cultivated wheat. Why? 
Answer. Due to its high protein content.
 
 
Important Questions for NCERT Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

 

Question. How does mutation breeding artificially occur in plants? 
Answer. Chemicals and gamma radiations
 
Question. Name the varieties of rice from which sem-dwarf variety have been developed. 
Answer. IR-8
 
Question. What is meant by micro-propagation? 
Answer. Methods of producing plants by tissue culture.
 
Question. What are the disease resistence varities of Brassica and wheat? 
Answer. Brassica-Pusa swarnim ,Wheat-Himgiri
 
Question. Name the Indian scientist, whose efforts brought 'green revolution " in india. 
Answer. M.S. Swaminathan
 
Question. Write down the difference between pisciculture and aquaculture. 
Answer. Pisciculture is the method of culture of fishes.Aquaculture is the culture of aquatic animals.
 
Question. How does MOET help in cattle breeding? 
Answer. Successful production of hybrids are high, the herd size increased in a short time.
 
Question. The Indian Agricultral Research has released several varieties of crop plants.Name the three plants with their biofortification. 
Answer. Vit-A enriched carrot and spinach,protein enriched beans,Vitamin-C enriched bittergourd and mustard.
 
Question. How are somaclones cultured from explants in in-vitro? Why are somaclones so called? 
Answer. Somaclones can be cultured from explants in a test tube under sterile conditions in nutrient medium.
 
Question. Give an example where mutation breeding has been successfully carried for disease resistance. 
Answer. Abelmoschus esculentus(bhindi)
 
Question. Fill in the blanks:a,b and c.
          Crop                                             Variety                           Insect pest
Brassica(Rapeseed mustard)                        a                                   Aphids
            b                                            Pusa sem 2                Jssids,aphids and fruit borer
                                                          Pusa sem 3
Okra(Bhindi)                                       Pusa sawani,                                c
                                                            Pusa A-4

EACH QUESTION CARRIES 1 MARK

 
Q.1. Disease resistance is obtained through. ----------------- (1)
a. Colchicine treatment
b. Crossing with wild variety
c. X-ray treatment
d. Hormone treatment
 
Q.2. In a callus culture, rooting can be induced by ----------------- (1)
a. Gibberellins b. Cytokinin c. Auxin d. Ethylene
 
Q.3.. Name the strain of bird flu virus that spread like an epidemic in the recent past. (1)
Ans: H5N1
 
Q.4.. Man made crop Triticale is a hybrid between (1)
a) Wheat and Rye*
b) Rice and Barley
c) Maize and Rye
d) Wheat and Rice
 
Q.5.. Bulls semen is stored in. --------------- (1)
a) Formaldehyde b) Ice c) Liquid nitrogen* d) Alcohol
 
Q.6.. Variations arising during tissue culture are called ---------------- (1)
Somaclonal variations*
 
EACH QUESTION CARRIES 2 MARKS
 
Q.7.. High yielding varieties of crops usually provide less fodder. Justify the statement. (2)
 
Q.8.To which product are the following related to (2)
a) Green revolution b) White revolution c) Blue revolution d) Silver revolution
 
Q.9. Following are the steps and aims in the breeding of a new genetic variety of a crop (2) Step Aim
1 a. --------------- Collection of pre-existing genetic variability
2. Pure line creation to evaluate and selection as a parents
3. b ------------------ to combine the desired character of different plants
4. Screening the superior combinant c. --------------------------
5. Release and commercialization of new cultivars d. --------------------------
 
Ans: a. Germ plasm collection b) cross hybridization c) to select and test the hybrid for desired character
combination for success of breeding objective d) Obtained hybrid is evaluated in the crop field and is
compared with local crop cultivar.
 
10. Which of the following crop plant is not matching as correct pair (2)
Wheat                        - Himgiri
Brassica                     - Pusa Gaurav
Cauliflower                 - Pusa Shubhra*
Cow-pea                    - Pusa Komal
Chilli                         - Pusa swarnim* (*Answer)
 
Q.11. Certain genes of the wild plant species of the cultivated crops are inferior and code for low yield but they do have superior genes. Which character are they useful for? (2)
 
Q.12. Find out the difference between Pisciculture and Aquaculture. (2)
 
Q.13. Artificial insemination helps us overcome several problems of normal matings. List few of them.(2)
 
Q.14. Genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme. How can these natural genes (for variations) be exploited for this purpose? (2)
 
Q.15. A shift from cereal food to meat diet creates more demand for cereals. Why? Explain this in light of food chain. (2)
 
Q.16. Match the two columns correctly (2)
Species                                   Biofortified quality
a) Carrot                                Enriched Protein
b) Lab lab                               Enriched VitaminA
c) Bathua                                Enriched Vitamin C
d) Mustard                                     Iron
 
Q.17. Which part of the plant is best suited for making Virus free plants and why? (2)
 
Q.18. Bee keeping near orchards and cultivated crops are often advantageous.
 
Mention any two advantages.
 
Each question carries 3 marks each
 
Q.19. Biofortification can solve the problems of hidden hunger to a large extent. Prove it. (3)
 
Q.20. SCP has proved to ease the pressure on agriculture and dairy farming. Comment. (3)
 
Q.21. ------------------ X ---------------- (Parent) (3)
                              ↓
                            MULE 
a) Who are the parents for this Mule?
b) Why is this offspring sterile?
c) Specify the type of hybridisation involved here.
 
Q.22. Bikaneri ewes X -------------- (3)
                           ↓
                      Hisardale
a) Name the type of Breeding.
b) Specify the sex of the parent and state which is superior /Inferior?
c) Why is such a cross undertaken?
 
Q.23. Where is IARI and IRRI situated. Expand the terms. (3)
 
Q.24. The following are the steps in controlled breeding experiments (3)
                              ↓
a. Semen is collected from Male parent
                              ↓
b. Semen stored or immediately used
                              ↓
c.                        xxxx
d. Desirable mating achieved.
 
Qns.1. Complete the sequence by filling xxxx.
2. Name the process.
3. What is the advantage?
 
Ans: 1. Semen is injected into reproductive tract of selected female by breeder
2. Artificial insemination
3. To overcome the problem and low success of normal mating.
 
25. An animal breeder wants to convert his beef yielding herd into milk yielding herd within a short time.
a. Suggest a technique by which he can produce a number of milk yielding animals.
b. How is this technology an improvemant over normal contolled breeding experiments.

 

Q.1. Why hybrids of selected parents are self pollinated till a state of homozygosity?1

 

Ans.1) Inbreeding depression

 

Q.2. Name the parents of hisardale. 1

 

Ans.2) It is free of virus

 

Q.3. For which amino acids maize is biofortified ? 1

 

Ans.3) Embryo Transfer technology

 

Q.4. To which micro organism is Parbhani Kranti resistant and give the botanical name of it ?1

 

Ans.4) Because there is limited availability of disease resistance genes in the crop plants & their wild relatives.
 

Q5. Which are the characters will you look for, to confirm that the plant given to you is a pest resistant?1

 

Ans.5)the best available local cultivar

 

Q.6. Why the breeding programme for millets is mainly focused for the development of high yielding varieties?

 

Ans.6) To produce pure or inbred lines, so that there will be no segregation of characters in the progeny.
 
Q.7. Name the parents of hisardale. 1
 
Ans.7). Bilkaneri ewes & Marino rams
 
Q.8. For which amino acids maize is biofortified ? 1
 
Ans.8). Tryptophan & lysine
 
Q.9. To which micro organism is Parbhani Kranti resistant and give the botanical name of it ?1
 
Ans.9). Yellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus
 
Q.10. Which are the characters will you look for, to confirm that the plant given to you is a pest resistant?1
 
Ans.10). Morphological, physiological & biochemical
 
Q.11. Why the breeding programme for millets is mainly focused for the development of high yielding varieties? 1
 
Ans.11). Resistant to water stress.
 

2 Marks

 

Q.1)Name the pest organisms for which Pusa stem- 2 & pusa stem – 3 are prepared as pest resistant recombinants 2

 

Ans.1)Yellow mosaic virus, Abelmoschus esculentus

 

Q.2)The somatic hybrid of tomato & potato is ‘pomato’ but it is not grown on commercial scale. Why? 2

 

Ans.2) Morphological, physiological & biochemical

 

3) To which products are the following related? 2

 

a) Green revolution

 

b) Blue Revolution

 

Ans.3) a. Increased food production (Wheat & paddy)

 

         b. Increased fish production
 
Q.4) Complete the following missing steps and aims in the breeding of new genetic variety of a crop. 2

Step Aim

a.___________________ -collection of pre-existing genetic variability

B.Pure line creation -To evaluate and select parents.

c.____________________ -To combine the desired characters of different plants

d. screening the superior _________________________ combinant

e. Release and commercialization __________________________ of new cultivars

 

Ans.4) a. Germ plasm collection

 

b. Cross Hybridization

 

c. To select and test the hybrid for the desired character combination for success of breeding objective.

 

d. Obtained hybrid is evaluated in the crop field and is compared with the local crop cultivar.
 

Q.5) How is outcrossing different from cross breeding? 2

 

Ans.5) Outcrossing is the practice of mating animals of the same breed that have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations whereas cross breeding is the cross of one with superior females of another breed.
 

Q.6) How was Parbhani kranti created? 2

 

Ans.6) It was created by transferring gene for resistance to yellow mosaic virus(YMV) in bhindi from a wild species to (Abelmoschus esculentus.)
 

Q.7) Which of the following crop plants are not matching as correct pairs? 2

a. Wheat - Himgiri

b. Brassica- Pusa Gaurav

c. Cauliflower- Pusa Shubra

d. Chilli-Pusa swarnim

Ans.7) Pusa Gaurav and Pusa swarnim are mismatching pairs.

 

Q.8)Complete the following table

 CBSE_Class_12_Biology_In_Food_1

Ans.8) A)Himgiri           B)Brassica                  c)Pusa shubhra                D) Chilli E)Chilly mosaic & leaf cure
 
3 MARKS 
 
Q.1)."Artificial insemination helps overcome several problems of normal mating"- Justify the statement and list a few of them. 3
 
Ans.1) This statement is true
 
-it helps in selective breeding in animals.
 
-semen of a single bull can be used to impregnate several females.
 
-quality semen is available in preserved form all the time at all places- Frozen semen can be exported or imported. It is the most reliable method.
 
Q.2) Name the steps represented in the following process 3
CBSE_Class_12_Biology_In_Food_2
Ans.2)A-Collection of variability
 
B-Cross hybridization among the selected parents.
 
C – Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
 
Q.3). Match A with B 
           A                                         B 
i) Turnip Mosaic                         a) Bacteria
 
ii) Citrus canker                          b) Virus
 
iii) Sugar cane red rot                 c) Fungi
 
Ans.3) i) b)
 
ii) a)
 
iii) c)
 
Q.4)Following are the steps for breeding process. Arrange them in correct order, name the process & state its advantages. 3
 
a. The female is mated with a male of good variety
 
b. The fertilized egg at 8-32 called stage are recovered & transferred to surrogate mother.
 
c. The female is administered hormones to induce super-ovulation.
 
Ans.4) Correct order – c)  a)  b)
 
Process-Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
 
Advantage – To increase herd size in short time.
 
 
Important Questions for NCERT Class 12 Biology Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
 

Ques. By which method was a new breed ‘Hisardale’ of sheep formed by using Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams?
(a) Out crossing (b) Mutational breeding
(c) Cross breeding (d) Inbreeding

Answer: C

 

Ques. Select the incorrect statement.
(a) Inbreeding helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of undesirable genes.
(b) Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
(c) Inbreeding is essential to evolve purelines, in any animal.
(d) Inbreeding selects harmful recessive gene that reduce fertility and productivity.

Answer: D

 

Ques. Homozygous purelines in cattle can be obtained by
(a) mating of unrelated individuals of same breed
(b) mating of individuals of different breed
(c) mating of individuals of different species
(d) mating of related individuals of same breed.

Answer: D

 

Ques. Interspecific hybridisation is the mating of
(a) animals within same breed without having common ancestors
(b) two different related species
(c) superior males and females of different breeds
(d) more closely related individuals within same breed for 4-6 generations. 

Answer: B

 

Ques. Among the following edible fishes, which one is a marine fish having rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?
(a) Mystus (b) Mangur
(c) Mrigala (d) Mackerel

Answer: D

 

Ques. Outbreeding is an important strategy of animal husbandry because it
(a) is useful in overcoming inbreeding depression
(b) exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection
(c) helps in accumulation of superior genes
(d) is useful in producing purelines of animals.

Answer: A

 

Ques. Compared to a bull a bullock is docile because of
(a) higher levels of cortisone
(b) lower levels of blood testosterone
(c) lower levels of adrenaline/noradrenaline in its blood
(d) higher levels of thyroxine. 

Answer: B

 

Ques. In cloning of cattle a fertilized egg is taken out of the mother’s womb and
(a) in the eight cell stage, cells are separated and cultured until small embryos are formed which are implanted into the womb of other cows
(b) in the eight cell stage the individual cells are separated under electrical field for further development in culture media
(c) from this upto eight identical twins can be produced
(d) the egg is divided into 4 pairs of cells which are implanted into the womb of other cows.

Answer: A

 

Ques. Which one of the following is a viral disease of poultry?
(a) Coryza (b) New castle disease
(c) Pasteurellosis (d) Salmonellosis

Answer: B

 

Ques. The world’s highly prized wool yielding ‘Pashmina’ breed is
(a) goat (b) sheep
(c) goat-sheep cross
(d) Kashmir sheep - Afghan sheep cross.

Answer: A

 

Ques. Which fish selectively feed on larva of mosquito?
(a) Gambusia (b) Rohu
(c) Clarias (d) Exocoetus 

Answer: A

 

Ques. Which statement is correct?
(a) A. indica is largest wild honeybee.
(b) Wax is waste material of honeybee.
(c) Workers are the smallest of the three castes.
(d) Drone of honeybee is diploid. 

Answer: C

 

Ques. The term aquaculture means
(a) inland fisheries (b) aspergillosis
(c) marine fisheries (d) both (a) and (c).

Answer: D

 

Ques. Fish, which eradicate the mosquito larva, is
(a) Gambusia (b) cutter fish
(c) Anabus (d) rohu

Answer: A

 

Ques. Life span of a worker bee is
(a) 6 weeks (b) 10 weeks
(c) 10 days (d) 15 days. 

Answer: A

 

Ques. High milk yielding varieties of cows are obtained by
(a) use of surrogate mothers
(b) superovulation
(c) artificial insemination
(d) all of these.

Answer: D

 

Ques. Honey is
(a) alkaline
(b) basic after some days
(c) acidic
(d) neutral. 

Answer: C

 

Ques. Pebrine is a disease of
(a) silkworm (b) lac insect
(c) honeybee (d) fish. 

Answer: A

 

Ques. Which one of the following constitutes natural silk?
(a) Nitrogen (b) Magnesium
(c) Potassium (d) Phosphorus 

Answer: A

 
Chapter 01 Reproduction in Organisms
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Reproduction In Organisms
Chapter 02 Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants
Chapter 03 Human Reproduction
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Human Reproduction
Chapter 04 Reproductive Health
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Reproductive Health
Chapter 05 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Principles Of Inheritance And Variation
Chapter 06 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 08 Human Health and Disease
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Human Health and Disease
Chapter 09 Strategies for Enhancement In Food Production
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Strategies For Enhancement In food Production
Chapter 10 Microbes In Human Welfare
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Microbes In Human Welfare
Chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Biotechnology Principles and Processes
Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Application
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Biotechnology And Its Applications
Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Organism And Population
Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Biodiversity And Conservation
Chapter 16 Environmental Issues
CBSE Class 12 Biology HOTs Environmental Issues

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