NCERT Solutions Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 9 Differential Equations

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Mathematics Chapter 9 Differential Equations have been provided below and is also available in Pdf for free download. The NCERT solutions for Class 12 Mathematics have been prepared as per the latest syllabus, NCERT books and examination pattern suggested in Class 12 by CBSE, NCERT and KVS. Questions given in NCERT book for Class 12 Mathematics are an important part of exams for Class 12 Mathematics and if answered properly can help you to get higher marks. Refer to more Chapter-wise answers for NCERT Class 12 Mathematics and also download more latest study material for all subjects. Chapter 9 Differential Equations is an important topic in Class 12, please refer to answers provided below to help you score better in exams

Chapter 9 Differential Equations Class 12 Mathematics NCERT Solutions

Class 12 Mathematics students should refer to the following NCERT questions with answers for Chapter 9 Differential Equations in Class 12. These NCERT Solutions with answers for Class 12 Mathematics will come in exams and help you to score good marks

Chapter 9 Differential Equations NCERT Solutions Class 12 Mathematics

Exercise 9.1

1. Determine order and degree (If defined) of differential equation d4y /dx4 + sin(y')  = 0 
Solution

d4y /dx4 + sin(y''')  = 0 
⇒ y''' + sin(y''') = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y''''. Therefore, its order is four. 
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree is not defined.

2. Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential equation y' + 5y = 0
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
y' + 5y = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y' . Therefore, its order is one. 
It is a polynomial equation in y'. The highest power raised to y' is 1. Hence, its degree is one.

3. Determine order and degree (if defined of differential equation (ds/dt)4 + 3s d2s/dt2 = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations

The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is d2s/dt2. Therefore, its order is two .
It is a polynomial equation in d2s/dt2  and ds/dt. The power raised to d2s/dt2 is 1. 
Hence, its degree is one. 

4. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation d2y/(ds2)2 + cos (dy/dx) = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-1

The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is d2 y/dx2. Therefore, its order is 2. 
The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Hence, its degree is not defined. 

5. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation d2 y/dx2 = cos 3x + sin 3x 
Solution

d2y/dx2 = cos 3x + sin 3x 
⇒ d2y/dx2 - cos 3x - sin 3x = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is d2y/dx2 . Therefore, its order is two. 
It is a polynomial equation in d2 y/dx2 and the power raised to d2y/dx2 is 1. 
Hence, its degree is one. 

6. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation 
(y''') + (y'')3 + (y')4 + y5 = 0
Solution

(y''') + (y'')3 + (y')4 + y5 = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y'''. Therefore, its order is three. 
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y''' , y'' , and y' . 
The highest power raised to y''' is 2. Hence, its degree is 2. 

7. Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential equation y′′′ + 2y″ + y′ = 0
Solution

y′′′ + 2y″ + y′ = 0
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y'''. Therefore, its order is three. 
It is a polynomial equation in y''', y'' and y' . The highest power raised to y''' is 1. Hence, its degree is 1. 

8. Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential equation y′ + y = ex  .    
Solution
y′ + y = ex 
⇒ y' + y - ex  = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y'. Therefore, its order is one. 
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y' and the highest power raised to y' is one. Hence, its degree is one. 

9. Determine order and degree (if defined) of differential equation y'' + (y')2 + 2y = 0  
Solution

y'' + (y')2 + 2y = 0  
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y''. Therefore, its order is two. 
The given differential equation is a polynomial equation in y'' and y' and the highest power raised to y'' is one. 
Hence, its degree is one . 

10. Determine order and degree(if defined) of differential equation y″ + 2y′ + sin y = 0
Solution

y'' + 2y' + sin y = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is y''. Therefore, its order is two. 
This is a polynomial equation in y'' and y' and the highest power raised to y'' is one. Hence, its degree is one. 

11. The degree of the differential equation 
(d2y/dx2 )3 + (dy/dx)2 + sin(dy/dx) + 1 = 0 
(A) 3 
(B) 2 
(C) 1 
(D) not defined 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-2

The given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives. Therefore, its degree is not defined. 
Hence, the correct answer is D.

12. The order of the differential equation  2x2(d2y/dx2) + 3(dy/dx) + y = 0 is 
(A) 2 
(B) 1 
(C) 0 
(D) not defined 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-3

The highest order derivative present in the given differential equation is d2 y/dx2 . Therefore, its order is two. 
Hence, the correct answer is A.

Exercise 9.2

1. Verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
y = ex + 1 : y″ – y′ = 0
Solution

y = ex + 1 
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-4

⇒ y' = ex
Substituting the values of y' and y'' in the given differential equation, we get the L.H.S. as : 
y'' - y' = ex - ex = 0 R.H.S. 
Thus, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

2. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
y = x2 + 2x + C : y′ – 2x – 2 = 0 
Solution

y = x2 + 2x + C 
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-5

⇒ y' = 2x + 2 
Substituting the value of y' in the given differential equation, we get : 
L.H.S = y' - 2x - 2 = 2x + 2 - 2x - 2 = 0 R.H.S. 
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

3. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
y = cos x + C : y′ + sin x = 0
Solution

y = cos x + C 
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-6

⇒ y' = - sin x
Substituting the value of y' in the given differential equation, we get : 
L.H.S. = y' + sin x = - sin x + sin x = 0 = R.H.S. 
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

4. Verify that the given functions (explicit of implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation y = √(1 + x2) : y' = xy/(1+ x2)
Solution

y = √(1 + x2 )
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-7

5. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
y = Ax : xy′ = y (x ≠ 0)
Solution

y = Ax 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 
y' = d/dx (Ax) 
⇒ y' = A 
Substituting the value of y' in the given differential equation we get : 
L.H.S. = xy' = x.A = Ax = y = R.H.S
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

6. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation y = x sin x : xy′ = y + x√(x2 - y2 ) (x ≠ 0 and x > y, or x < -y) 
Solution

y = x sin x
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-8

7. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation xy = log y + C : y' = y2/(1 - xy)(xy ≠ 1) 
Solution

xy = log y + C 
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-9

8. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation:
y – cos y = x : (y sin y + cos y + x) y′ = y
Solution

y - cos y = x ...(1) 
Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-10

⇒ y' + sin y . y' = 1 
⇒ y'(1 + sin y( = 1 
⇒ y' = 1/(1 + sin y) 
Substituting the value of y' in equation (1), we get : 
L.H.S = (y sin y + cos y + x)y' 
(y sin y + cos y + y - cos y) × ([1/(1 + siny)] 
= y(1 + sin y). 1/(1 + sin y) 
= y 
= R.H.S. 
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

9. Verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
x + y = tan–1y : y2 y′ + y2 + 1 = 0
Solution

x + y = tan-1 y 
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get: 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-11

= -1 - y2 + y2 + 1 
= 0 
= R.H.S. 
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

10. verify that the given functions (explicit or implicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation
y = √(a2 - x2 x) ∈ (-a, a) : x + y (dy/dx) = 0 (y ≠ 0) 
Solution

y = √(a2 - x2 )
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-12

= x - x
= 0
= R.H.S  
Hence, the given function is the solution of the corresponding differential equation.

11. The numbers of arbitrary constants in the general solution of a differential equation of fourth order are:
(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Solution

We know that the number of constants in the general solution of a differential equation of order n is equal to its order.
Therefore, the number of constants in the general equation of fourth order differential equation is four.
Hence, the correct answer is D.

12.The numbers of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of third order are:
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
Solution

In a particular solution of a differential equation, there are no arbitrary constants. 
Hence, the correct answer is D.

Exercise 9.3

1. Form a differential equation representing the given family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
x/a + y/b = 1 
Solution

x/a + y/b = 1
Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, we get : 
1/a + (1/b)(dy/dx) = 0
⇒ 1/a + (1/b)y' = 0
Again , differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 
0 + (1/b)y" = 0
⇒ (1/b)y" = 0
⇒ y" = 0
Hence, the required differential equation of the given curve is y" = 0.

2. Form a differential equation representing the given family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
y2 = a (b2 – x2)
Solution

y2 = a (b2 – x2)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get: 

⇒ 2yy' = -2ax 
⇒ yy' = -ax                ...(1)
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :
y'. y' + yy" = -a 
⇒ (y')2 + yy" = -a                ...(2) 
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get :

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-13

3. Form a differential equation representing the given family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
y = a e3x + b e2x
Solution

y' = 3ae3x - 2be-2x ...(2)
Again, differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-14

4. Form a differential equation representing the given family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
y = e2x (a + bx)
Solution

y = e2x (a + bx)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 
y' = 2e2x (a + bx) + e2x.b 
⇒ y' = e2x (2a + 2bx + b)  ...(2) 
Multiplying equation (1) with 2 and then subtracting it from equation (2),we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-15

5. Form a differential equation representing the given family of curves by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b.
y = ex (a cos x + b sin x)
Solution

y = ex (a cos x + b sin x) 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :  
y' = ex (a cos x + b sin x) + ex (- a sin x + b cos x)
= y' = ex [(a + b) cos x - (a - b) sin x] ...(2) 
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-16

⇒ 2y + y" = 2y' 
⇒ y" - 2y' + 2y = 0 
This is the required differential equation of the given curve.

6. Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching the y-axis at the origin.
Solution

The centre of the circle touching the y - axis at origin lies on the x - axis. 
Let (a, 0) be the centre of the circle. 
Since it touches the y - axis at origin, its radius is a. 
now, the equation of the circle with centre (a, 0) and radius (a) is 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-17

7. Form the differential equation of the family of parabolas having vertex at origin and axis along positive y-axis.
Solution

The equation of the parabola having the vertex at origin and the axis along the positive y axis is : 
x2 = 4ay                ...(1)

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-18

8. Form the differential equation of the family of ellipses having foci on y-axis and centre at origin.
Solution

The equation of the family of ellipses having foci on the y - axis and the centre at origin is as follows: 
x2 /b2  + y2 /a2  = 1 ...(1) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-19

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-20

9. Form the differential equation of the family of hyperbolas having foci on x-axis and centre at origin.
Solution

The equation of the family of hyperbolas with the centre at origin and foci along the x - axis is : 
x2 /a2  + y2 /b2  = 1 ...(1) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-21

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-22

10. Form the differential equation of the family of circles having centre on y-axis and radius 3 units.
Solution

Let the centre of the circle on y - axis be (0, b). 
The differential equation of the family of circles with centre at (0, b) and radius 3 is as follows : 
x2 + (y - b)2 = 32 
⇒ x2 + (y - b)2 = 9 ...(1) 

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get : 
2x + 2(y - b). y' = 0 
⇒ (y - b). y' = -x 
⇒ y - b = -x/y' 
Substituting the value of (y - b) in equation (1), we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-24

11. Which of the following differential equations has y = c1 ex + c2 e–x as the general solution ?

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-25

Solution 

The given equation is : 
y = c1 ex + c2 e–x ...(1)
Differentiating with respect to x, we get : 
dy/dx = c1ex - c2e–x    
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-26

This is the required differential equation of the given equation of curve. 
Hence, the correct answer is B.

12. Which of the following differential equation has y = x as one of its particular solution ? 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-27

Solution
The given equation of curve is y = x. 
Differentiating with respect to x, we get :  
dy/dx =1 ...(1)
Again, differentiating with respect to x, we get : 
d2 y/dx2 = 0 ...(2) 
Now, on substituting the values of y, d2 y/dx2, and dy/dx from equation (1) and (2) in each of the given alternatives, we find that only the differential equation given in alternative C is correct. 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-28

Exercise 9.4

1. For the differential equations find the general solution :  
dy/dx = (1 - cos x)/(1 + cos x) 
Solution

The given differential equation is :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-29

2. For the differential equation find the general solution : 
dy/dx = √(4 – y2) (-2 < y < 2) 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
dy/dx = √(4 – y2
Separating the variables, we get :  
⇒ dy/√(4 – y2)  = dx 
Now, integrating both sides of this equation, we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-30

⇒ y/2 = sin(x + C) 
⇒ y = 2 sin (x + C) 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

3. For the differential equations find the general solution : 
dy/dx + y = 1(y ≠ 1) 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
dy/dx + y = 1 
⇒ dy + y dx = dx 
⇒ dy = (1 - y) dx
Separating the variables, we get : 
⇒ dy/(1 - y) = dx 
Now, integrating both sides, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-31

⇒ y = 1 + Ae-x (where A = -1/C) 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

4. For the differential equations find the general solution:
sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-32

Substituting these values in equation (1), we get :  
log (tan x) = - log (tan y) + log C 
⇒ log (tan x) = log (C/tan y) 
⇒ tan x = C/tan y 
⇒ tan x tan y = C 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

5. For the differential equations find the general solution:
(ex + e–x) dy – (ex – e–x) dx = 0
Solution

The given differential equation is :
(ex + e–x) dy – (ex – e-x ) dx = 0
⇒ (ex + e-x ) dy = (ex - e-x )dx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-33

⇒ (ex + e–x) dx = dt 
Substituting his value in equation (1), we get : 
y = ∫(1 + t) dt  + C
⇒ y = log(t) + C 
⇒ y = log (ex + e–x) + C
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

6. For the differential equations find the general solution: 
dy/dx = (1 + x2 )(1+ y2
Solution

The given differential equation is :  
dy/dx = (1 + x2 )(1+ y2)  
⇒ dy/(1 + y2 ) = (1 + x2)dx 
Integrating both sides of this equation, we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-34

⇒ tan-1 y = ∫dx + ∫x2 dx 
⇒ tan-1 y = x + x3/3 + C 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

7. For the differential equations find the general solution :  
y log y dx - x dy = 0 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
y log y dx - x dy = 0 
⇒ y log y dx = x dy 
⇒ dy/(y log y) = dx/ x  
Integrating both sides, we get : 
∫dy/(y log y) = ∫ dx/x  ...(1)
Let log y = t 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-35

Substituting this value in equation (1), we get :  
 ∫dt/t =  ∫dx/x 
⇒ log t = log x + log C
⇒ log (log y) = log Cx
⇒ log y = Cx
⇒ y = ecx
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

8. For the differential equations find the general solution :  
x5 (dy/dx) = -y5 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-36

⇒ x-4 + y-4 = -4k 
⇒ x-4 + y-4 = C (C = -4k) 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

9. For the differential equation find the general solution : 
ex tan y dx + (1 – ex) sec2 y dy = 0 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
dy/dx = sin-1 x 
⇒ dy = sin-1 x dx 
Integrating both sides, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-37

⇒ y = x sin-1 x + √t + C 
⇒ y = x sin-1 x + √(1 - x2) + C
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

10. For the differential equations find the general solution:
ex tan y dx + (1 – ex) sec2 y dy = 0 
Solution

The given differential equation is :  
ex tan y dx + (1 – ex) sec2 y dy = 0 
(1 - ex )sec2 y dy = -ex tan y dx 
Separating the variables, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-38

⇒ log (tan y) = log (1 - ex ) + log C 
⇒ log (tan y) = log [C(1 - ex )] 
⇒ tan y = C(1 - ex )
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

11. For each of the differential equations find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
(x3 + x2 + x + 1) dy/dx = 2x2 + x; y = 1 when x = 0
Solution

The given differential equation is :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-39

⇒ 2x2 + x = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C 
⇒ 2x2 + x = (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + (A + C) 
Comparing the coefficients of x2 and x, we get : 
A +  B = 2
B + C = 1
A + C = 0
Solving these equations, we get :  
A = 1/2, B = 3/2 and C = -1/2 
Substituting the values of A, B and C in equation (2), we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-40

Now, y = 1 when x = 0. 
⇒ 1 = (1/4) log (1) - (1/2) tan-1 0 + C 
⇒ 1 = (1/4) × 0 - (1/2) × 0 + C 
⇒ C = 1 
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3), we get : 
y = [(1/4) log (x + 1)2 (x2 + 1)3] - (1/2) tan-1 x + 1

12. For each of the differential equations find a particular solution satisfying the given condition : 
x(x2 - 1) dy/dx = 1, y = 0 when x = 2 
Solution

x(x2 - 1) dy/dx = 1

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-41

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant, we get : 
A = -1
B - C = 0
A + B + C = 0
Solving these equations, we get B = 1/2 and C = 1/2 . 
Substituting the values of A, B, and C in equation (2), we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-42

13. For each of the differential equations find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
cos (dx/dy) = a (a ∈ R); y = 1 when x = 0 
Solution

cos (dy/dx) = a 
⇒ dy/dx = cos-1 a 
⇒ dy = cos-1 a dx 
Integrating both sides, we get : 
∫dy = cos-1 a ∫dx 
⇒ y = cos-1 a . x + C 
⇒ y = x cos-1 a + C  ...(1) 
Now, y = 1 when x = 0 
⇒ 1 = 0. cos-1 a + C 
⇒ C = 1 
Substituting C = 1 in equation (1), we get :  
y = x cos-1 a + 1 
⇒ (y -1)/x = cos-1 a  
⇒ cos[(y -1)/x] = a 

14. For each of the differential equations find a particular solution satisfying the given condition:
dy/dx = y tan x; y = 1 when x = 0
Solution
 
dy/dx = y tan x 
⇒ dy/y = tan x dx 
Integrating both sides, we get :  
∫dy/y = ∫tan x dx 
⇒ log y = log(sec x) + log C 
⇒ log y = log (C sec x) 
⇒ y = C sec x  ...(1) 
Now, y = 1 when x = 0. 
⇒1 = C × sec 0 
⇒1 = C × 1
⇒ C = 1 
Substituting C = 1 in equation (1), we get :  
y = sec x 

15. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 0) and whose differential equation is y′ = ex sin x.
Solution

The differential equation of the curve is :  
y' = ex sin x
⇒ dy/dx = ex sin x
⇒ dy = ex sin x dx 
Integrating both sides, we get :  
∫dy = ∫ex sin x dx ...(1) 
Let I = ∫ex sin x dx.

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-43

⇒ I = ex sin x - ex sin x - I 
⇒ 2I = ex (sin x - cos x) 
⇒ I = [ex (sin x - cos x)]/2 
Substituting this value in equation (1), we get : 
y = [ex (sin x - cos x)]/2 + C ...(2) 
Now, the curve passes through point (0, 0) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-44

⇒ 2y = ex (sin x - cos x) + 1 
⇒ 2y - 1 = ex (sin x - cos x) 
Hence, the required equation of the curve is 2y - 1 = ex (sin x - cos x).

16. For the differential equation xy (dy/dx) = (x + 2)(y + 2) find the solution curve passing through the point (1, -1).
Solution

The differential equation of the given curve is :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-45

⇒ y - 2log(y + 2) = x + 2log x + C 
⇒ y - x - C = log x2 + log (y + 2)2 
⇒ y - x - C = log [x2 (y + 2)2 ]  ...(1) 
Now, the curve passes through point (1, -1). 
⇒ -1 - 1 - C = log[(1)2 (-1 + 2)2 ] 
⇒ -2 - C = log  1 = 0 
⇒ C = -2
Substituting C = -2 in equation (1), we get :  
y - x + 2 = log[x2 (y + 2)2 ]
This is the required solution of the given curve.

17. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, –2) given that at any point (x ,y) on the curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y-coordinate of the point is equal to the x-coordinate of the point.
Solution

Let x and y be the x - coordinate and y - coordinate of the point on the curve respectively. 
We know that the slope of a tangent to the curve in the coordinate axes is given by the relation. 
dy/dx 
According to the given information, we get :  
y (dy/dx) = x 
⇒y dy = x dx  
Integrating both sides, we get:  
∫y dy = ∫x dx 
⇒ y2/2 = x2 /2 + C 
⇒ y2 - x2 = 2C ...(1) 
Now, the curve passes through point (0, -2). 
∴ (-2)2 - 22 = 2C 
⇒ 2C = 4 
Substituting 2C = 4 in equation (1), we get : 
y2 - x2 = 4 
This is the required equation of the curve.

18. At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line segment joining the point of contact to the point (– 4, –3). Find the equation of the curve given that it passes through (–2, 1).
Solution

It is given that (x, y) is the point of contact of the curve and its tangent. 
The slope (m1 ) of the line segment joining (x, y) and (-4, -3) is (y +3)/(x + 4) 
We know that the slope of the tangent to the curve is given by the relation, 
dy/dx 
∴ Slope (m2 ) of the tangent = dy/dx 
According to the given information :  
m2 = 2m1 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-46

⇒ log (y + 3) = 2 log (x + 4) + log C 
⇒ log (y + 3) = log C (x + 4)2 
⇒ y + 3 = C(x + 4)2 ...(1) 
This is the general equation of the curve. 
It is given that it passes through point (-2, 1). 
⇒ 1 + 3 = C(-2 + 4)2   
⇒ 4 = 4C 
⇒ C = 1 
Substituting C = 1 in equation (1), we get : 
y + 3 = (x + 4)2  
This is the required equation of the curve. 

19. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after t seconds.
Solution

Let the rate of change of the volume of the balloon be k (where k is a constant ) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-47

⇒ 4πr3 = 3(kt + C)  ...(1) 
Now, at  t = 0, r = 3,
⇒ 4π × 3= 3 (k × 0 + C)
⇒ 108π = 3C
⇒ C = 36π
At = 3, r = 6:
⇒ 4π × 63 = 3 (k × 3 + C)
⇒ 864π = 3 (3k + 36π)
⇒ 3k = –288π – 36π = 252π
⇒ k = 84π
Substituting the values of k and C in equation (1), we get: 
4πr3 = 3(84πt + 36π)
⇒ 4πr3 = 4π(63t + 27)
⇒ r3 = 63t + 27 
⇒ r = (63t + 27)1/3 
Thus, the radius of the balloon after t seconds is (63t + 27)1/3 . 

20. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year. Find the value of r if Rs 100 doubles itself in 10 years (log­e2 = 0.6931).
Solution

Let p, t,  and r represent the principal, time, and rate of interest respectively. 
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of r% per year. 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-48

⇒ r/10 = 0.6931 
⇒ r = 6.931 
Hence, the value of r is 6.93 %.

21. In a bank, principal increases continuously at the rate of 5% per year. An amount of Rs 1000 is deposited with this bank, how much will it worth after 10 years (e0.5 = 1.648).
Solution

Let p and t be the principal and time respectively. 
It is given that the principal increases continuously at the rate of 5 % per year. 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-49

Now, when t = 0, p = 1000. 
1000 = ec  ...(2)
At t = 10, years the amount will worth Rs 1648. 

22. In a culture, the bacteria count is 1,00,000. The number is increased by 10% in 2 hours. In how many hours will the count reach 2,00,000, if the rate of growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present?
Solution

Let y be the number of bacteria at any instant t. 
It is given that the rate of growth of the bacteria is proportional to the number peresent. 
∴ dy/dt  ∝ y 
⇒ dy/dt = ky  (where k is a constant) 
⇒ dy/y = kdt 
Integrating both sides, we get:  
∫dy/y = k ∫dt 
⇒ log y = kt + C ...(1) 
Let y0 be the number of bacteria at t = 0 .
log y0 be the number of bacteria at t = 0. 
log y0 = C 
Substituting the value of C in equation (1), we get : 
log y = kt + log y0 
⇒ log y - log y0 = kt 
⇒ log (y/y0) = kt 
⇒ kt = log (y/y0...(2) 
Also, it is given that the number of bacteria increases by 10% in 2 hours.  
⇒ y = (110/100)y0 
⇒ y/y0 = 11/10 ...(3) 
Substituting this value in equation (2), we get :  
k⋅2 = log (11/10) 
⇒ k = (1/2) log (11/10)
Therefore, equation (2) becomes : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-50

23. The general solution of the differential equation dy/dx = ex+y  is
(A) ex + e–y = C
(B) ex + ey = C
(C) e–x + ey = C
(D) e–x + e–y = C
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-51

Integrating both sides, we get :  
∫e–y dy = ∫ex dx 
⇒ -e–y = ex + k 
⇒ ex + e–y = -k 
⇒ ex + e–y = c     (c = -k ) 
Hence, the correct answer is A.

Exercise 9.5

1. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
(x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx
Solution

The given differential equation i.e. (x2 + xy) dy = (x2 + y2) dx can be written as :

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-53

2. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them  
y' = (x + y)/x 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-54

Thus, the given equation is a homogeneous equation . 
To solve it, we make the substitution as : 
y = vx 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 
dy/dx = V + x(dv/dx) 
Substituting the values of y and dy/dx in equation (1), we  get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-55

Integrating both sides, we get :  
v = log x + C 
⇒ y/x = log x + C 
⇒ y = x log x + Cx 
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.

3. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
(x – y) dy – (x + y) dx = 0
Solution

The given differential equation is :  
(x - y)dy - (x + y)dx = 0 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-56

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-57

4. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
(x2 – y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-58

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-59

5. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
x2 (dy/dx) = x2 - 2y2 + xy 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-60

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-61

6. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
x dy -y dx = √(x2 + y2)dx
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-62

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-63

7. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve each of them
{x cos (y/x) + y sin (y/x)} ydx = {y sin (y/x) - x cos (y/x)} x dy 
Solution
 
The given differential equation is  : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-64

Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation. 
To solve it, we make the substitution as : 
y = vx 
⇒ dy/dx = v + x = dv/dx 
Substituting the values of y and dy/dx in equation (1), we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-65

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-6

8. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve 
x (dy/dx) - y + x sin (y/x) = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-67

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-68

9. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve 
y dx + x log (y/x)dy - 2xdy = 0 
Solution

y dx + x log(y/x) dy - 2xdy = 0 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-69

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-70

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-71

10. Show that the given differential equation is homogeneous and solve 
(1 + ex/y ) dx + ex/y (1 - x/y)dy = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-72

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-73

11. For the differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
(x + y) dy + (x – y) dx = 0; y = 1 when x = 1
Solution

(x + y)dy + (x - y)dx = 0 
⇒ (x + y)dy = -(x - y) dx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-74

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-75

Now, y = 1 at x = 1. 
⇒ log 2 + 2 tan-11 = 2k 
⇒ log 2 + 2 × π/4 = 2k 
⇒ π/2 + log 2 = 2k 
Substituting the value of 2k in equation (2), we get : 
log(x2 + y2) + 2 tan-1(y/x) = π/2 + log 2 
This is the required solution of the given differential equation. 

12.For the differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
x2 dy + (xy + y2) dx = 0; y = 1 when x = 1
Solution

 x2 dy + (xy + y2 )dx = 0 
⇒ x2 dy = -(xy + y2 )dx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-76

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-77

Now, y =1 at x = 1. 
⇒ 1/(1+2) = C2 
⇒ C2 = 1/3 
Substituting C2 = 1/3 in equation (2), we get:  
x2 y/(y + 2x) = 1/3 
⇒ y + 2x = 3x2 y
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.

13. For the differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
[x sin2 (y/x - y)] dx + xdy = 0; y = π/4 when x = 1
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-78

Therefore, the given differential equation is a homogeneous equation. 
To solve this differential equation, we make the substitution as :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-79

Integrating both sides, we get : 
- cot v = -log |x| - C 
⇒ cot v = log |x| + C 
⇒ cot(y/x) = log |x| + log C 
⇒ cot (y/x) = log |Cx|  ...(2) 
Now, y = π/4 at x = 1. 
⇒ cot (π/4) = log |C| 
⇒ 1 = log C 
⇒ C = e1 = e 
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get :  
cot (y/x) = log |ex| 
This is the required solution of the given differential equation . 

14. For the differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
dy/dx - y/x + cosec(y/x) = 0; y = 0 when x = 1 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-80

Integrating both sides, we get :  
cos v = log x + log C = log |Cx| 
⇒ cos (y/x) = log |Cx| ...(2) 
This is the required solution of the given differential equation. 
Now, y = 0 at x = 1. 
⇒ cos (0) = log C 
⇒ 1 = log C 
⇒ C = e1 = e 
Substituting C = e in equation (2), we get : 
cos(y/x) = log |(ex)|
This is the required solution of the given differential equation. 

15. For the differential equations find the particular solution satisfying the given condition:
2xy + y2 - 2x2 (dy/dx) = 0; y = 2 when x = 1 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-81

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-82

16. A homogeneous differential equation of the from dx/dt = h(x/y) can be solved by making the substitution 
(A) y = vx 
(B) v = yx 
(C) x = vy 
(D) x = v
Solution

For solving the homogeneous equation of the form dx/dy = h(x/y), we need to make the substitution as x = vy. 
Hence, the correct answer is C. 

17. Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?
(A) (4x + 6y + 5) dy – (3y + 2x + 4) dx = 0
(B) (xy) dx – (x3 + y3) dy = 0
(C) (x3 + 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0
(D) y2 dx + (x2 – xy – y2) dy = 0 
Solution

Function F(x, y) is said to be the homogenous function of degree n, if
F(λx, λy) = λn F(x, y) for any non - zero constant (λ). 
Consider the equation given in alternative D : 
y2 dx + (x2 - xy - y2 )dy = 0 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-83

Exercise 9.6

1. For the differential equation find the general solution :  
dy/dx + 2y = sin x 
Solution

The given differential equation is dy/dx + 2y = sin x
This is in the form of dy/dx + py = Q (where p = 2 and Q = sin x)
Now, I.F = e∫pdx = e∫3dx  = e3x
The solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation, 
y(I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.) dx  + C
⇒ ye2x = ∫sin x. e2x dx + C ...(1)
Let I = ∫sin x. e2x

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-84

Therefore, equation (1) becomes:
ye2x = e2x/5 (2 sin x - cos x) + C
⇒ y = 1/5 (2 sin x - cos x) + Ce-2x
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

2. For the differential equations find the general solution:  
dy/dx + 3y = e-2x 
Solution

The given differential equation is dy/dx + py = Q (where p = 3 and Q = e-2x)
Now, I.F = e∫pdx = e∫3dx = e3x
The solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation,

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-85

3. For the differential equations find the general solution :
dy/dx + y/x = x2
Solution

The given differential equation is:
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = 1/x and Q = x2)

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-86

4. For the differential equations find the general solution :  
dy/dx + sec xy = tan x(0 ≤ x < π/2)
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
dy/dx + py = Q  (where p = sec x and Q = tan x) 
Now, I.F = e∫pdx = e∫secx dx = elog(secx + tanx) = sec x + tan x. 
The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation, 
y = (I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.) dx + C 
⇒ y(sec x + tan x) = ∫tan x(sec x + tan x)dx + C 
⇒ y(sec x + tan x) = ∫sec x tan x dx + ∫tan2 x dx + C 
⇒ y(sec x + tan x) = sec x + ∫(sec2 x - 1)dx + C 
⇒ y(sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x - x + C

5. For the differential equations find the general solution : 
cos2 x (dy/dx) + y = tan x(0 ≤ x < π/2)
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-87

6. For the differential equations find the general solution: 
x(dy/dx) + 2y = x2 log x
Solution

The given differential equation is:

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-88

7. For the differential equations find the general solution: 
x log x(dy/dx) + y = (2/x) log x
Solution

The given differential equation is :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-89

Substituting the value of ∫[(2/x2)log x] dx in equation (1), we get :
y log x = (-2/x) (1 + log x) + C
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

8. For the differential equations find the general solution: (1 + x2) dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx (x ≠ 0). 
Solution

(1 + x2 )dy + 2xy dx = cot x dx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-90

9. For the differential equations find the general solution: 
x(dy/dx) + y - x + xy cot x = 0 (x ≠ 0) 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-91

10. For the differential equations find the general solution : 
(x + y) dy/dx = 1 
Solution

(x + y) dy/dx  1 
⇒ dy/dx = 1/(x + y) 
⇒ dx/dy = x + y
⇒ (dx/dy) - x = y
This is a linear differential equation of the form : 
dy/dx + px = Q (where p = -1 and Q = y) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-92

11. For the differential equations find the general solution: y dx + (x – y2) dy = 0
Solution

y dx + (x - y2)dy = 0 
⇒ y dx = (y2 - x)dy 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-93

This is a linear differential equation of the form : 
dy/dx + px = Q (where p = 1/y and Q = y) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-94

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation, 
x(I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.) dy + C 
⇒ xy = ∫(y.y) dy + C 
⇒ x = ∫ y2 dy + C 
⇒ xy = y3 /3 + C 
⇒ x = y2/3 + C/y 

12. For the differential equations find the general solution :  
(x + 3y2 )(dy/dx) = y (y > 0) 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-95

13. For the differential equations given find a particular solution satisfying the given condition :  dy/dx + 2y tan x = sin x ; y = 0 when x = π/3
Solution

The given differential equation is dy/dx + 2y tan x = sin x. 
This is a linear equation of the form:  
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = 2 tan x and Q = sin x)

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-96

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by the relation, 
y(I.F.) =  ∫(Q × I.F.)dx + C 
⇒ y(sec2 x) = ∫(sin x. sec2 x)dx + C 
⇒ y sec2 x = ∫(sec x. tan x)dx + C 
⇒ ysec2 x = sec x + C ...(1) 
Now, y = 0 at x = π/3 . 
Therefore, 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-97

⇒ 0 = 2 + C
⇒C = -2
Substituting C = -2 in equation (1), we get : 
y sec2 x = sec x - 2 
⇒ y = cos x - 2cos2 x 
Hence, the required solution of the given differential equation is y = cos x - 2cos2 x

14. For the differential equations given find a particular solution satisfying the given condition :   (1 + x2)(dy/dx) + 2xy = 1/(1 + x2); y = 0 when x = 1 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-98

⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = tan-1 x + C ...(1) 

Now, y = 0 at x = 1. 
Therefore, 

0 = tan-1 1 + C 
⇒ C = -π/4 
Substituting C = -π/4 in equation (1), we get : 
y(1 + x2) = tan-1 x - π/4 
This is the required general solution of the given differential equation.

15. For the differential equations given find a particular solution satisfying the given condition : dy/dx - 3y cot x = sin 2x; y = 2 when x = π/2
Solution

The given differential equation is dy/dx - 3y cot x = sin 2x. 
This is a linear differential equation  of the form : 
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = -3 cot x and Q = sin 2x)

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-99

⇒ y = -2sin2 x + C sin3 x ...(1) 
Now, y = 2 at x = π/2
Therefore, we get:  
2 = -2 + C 
⇒ C = 4 
Substituting C = 4 in equation (1), we get :  
y = -2sin2 x + 4sin3 x
⇒ y = 4sin3 x - 2sin2 x 
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation. 

16. Find the equation of the curve passing through the origin given that the slope of the tangent to the curve at any point (x, y) is equal to the sum of the coordinates of the point.
Solution

Let F(x, y) be the curve passing through the origin. 
At point (x, y), the slope of the curve will be dy/dx. 
According to the given information: 
dy/dx = x + y
⇒ dy/dx - y = x  
This is a linear differential equation of the form : 
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = -1 and Q = x) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-100

Substituting in equation (1), we get : 
ye-x = -e-x (x + 1) + C 
⇒ y = -(x + 1) + Cex 
⇒ x + y + 1 = Cex ...(2) 
The curve passes through the origin . 
Therefore, equation (2) becomes : 
1 = C 
C = 1 
Substituting C = 1 in equation (2), we get :  
x + y + 1 =ex 
Hence, the required equation of curve passing through the origin is x + y + 1 = ex

17. Find the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 2) given that the sum of the coordinates of any point on the curve exceeds the magnitude of the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point by 5.
Solution

Let F(x, y) be the curve and let (x, y) be a point on the curve. The slope of the tangent to the curve at (x, y) is dy/dx.
According to the given information: 
(dy/dx) + 5 = x + y 
⇒ dy/dx - y = x - 5 
This is a linear differential equation of the form : 
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = -1 and Q = x - 5) 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-101

Therefore, equation (1) becomes : 
ye-x = (4 - x)e-x  + C
⇒ y = 4 - x + Cex  
⇒ x + y - 4 = Cex ...(2)
The curve passes through point (0, 2). 
Therefore, equation (2) becomes : 
0 + 2 - 4 = Ce0 
⇒ -2 = C 
⇒ C = -2 
Substituting C = -2 in equation (2), we get : 
x + y - 4 = -2ex  
⇒ y = 4 - x - 2ex  
This is the required equation of the curve. 

18. The integrating Factor of the differential equation (dy/dx) - y = 2x2 is 
(A) e-x 
(B) e-y 
(C) 1/x 
(D) x 
Solution

The given differential equation is :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-102

This is a linear differential equation of the form :  
dy/dx + py = Q (where p = -1/x and Q = 2x) 
The integrating factor (I.F.) is given by the relation, 
The
Hence, the correct answer is C. 

19. The integrating factor of the differential equation. 
(1 - y2) dx/dy + yx = ay(-1 << 1) is 
Solution

The given differential equation is : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-103

Miscellaneous Solutions

1. For differential equations given below, indicate its order and degree (if defined).
(i) (d2y/dx2 ) + 5x (dy/dx)2 – 6y = log x
(ii) (dy/dx)3  + 4 (dy/dx)2 + 7y = sin x
(iii) (d4y/dx4 ) - sin  (d3y/dx3 ) = 0 
Solution

(i) The differential equation is given as :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-104

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is d2y/dx2. Thus, its order is two . The highest power raised to d2y/dx2 is one. Hence, its degree is one. 
(ii) The differential equation is given as :

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-105

The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is dy/dx. Thus, its order is one. The highest power raised to dy/dx is three. Hence, its degree is three. 
(iii) The differential equation is given as : 
(d4y/dx4) - sin(d3y/dx3) = 0 
The highest order derivative present in the differential equation is d4y/dx4. Thus, its order is four. 
However, the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation. Hence, its degree is not defined.

2. For given below, verify that the given function (implicit or explicit) is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.
(i) y = aex + be-x + x2 : x (d2y/dx2) + 2(dy/dx) - xy + x2 - 2 = 0 
(ii) y = ex (a cos x + b sin x) : d2 y/dx2 - 2(dy/dx) + 2y = 0 
(iii) y = x sin 3x : (d2y/dx2) + 9y - 6cos 3x = 0 
(iv) x2 = 2y2 log y: (x2 + y2) dy/dx - xy = 0 
Solution

(i) xy = aex + be-x + x2 
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x we get  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-106

(ii) y = ex (a cos x + b sin x) = aex cos x + bex sin x. 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-107

= ex [(2b - 2a - 2b + 2a) cos x] + ex [(-2a - 2b + 2a + 2b) sin x] 
= 0
Hence, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation. 

(iii) y = x sin3x 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-108

Substituting the value of d2 y/dx2 in the L.H.S. of the given differential equation, we get : 
d2y/dx2 + 9y - 6 cos 3x
= (6.cos 3x - 9x sin 3x) + 9x sin 3x - 6 cos 3x 
= 0 
Hence, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation. 
(iv) x2 = 2y2 log y 
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-109

= xy - xy 
= 0 
Hence, the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equation.

3. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by (x – a)2 + 2y2 = a2, where a is an arbitrary constant.
Solution

(x - a)2 + 2y2 = a2 
⇒ x2 + a2 - 2ax + 2y2 = a2 
⇒ 2y2 = 2ax - x2 ...(1) 
Differentiating with respect to x, we get :  

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-110

Hence, the differential equation of the family of curves is given as dy/dx = (2y2 - x2)/4xy.

4. Form the differential equation of the family of circles in the first quadrant which touch the coordinate axes.
Solution
 
(x3 - 3xy2)dx = (y3 - 3x2 y)dy 
⇒ dy/dx = (x3 - 3xy2)/(y3 - 3x2 y) ...(1) 
This is a homogeneous equation. To simplify it, we need to make the substitution as : 
y = vx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-111

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-112

5. Prove that x2 – y2 = c (x2 + y2)2 is the general solution of differential equation (x3 – 3xy2) dx = (y3 – 3x2y) dy, where c is a parameter.
Solution

The equation of a circle in the first quadrant with centre (a, a) and radius (a) which touches the coordinate axes is :  
(x - a)2 + (y - a)2 = a2 ...(1)

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-113

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, we get : 
2(x - a) + 2(y - a) dy/dx = 0 
⇒(x - a)+ (y - a)y' = 0 
⇒ x - a + yy' - ay' = 0 
⇒ x + y y' - a(1 + y') = 0 
⇒ a = (x + yy')/(1 + y') 
Substituting the value of a in equation (1), we get : 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-114

Hence, the required differential equation of the family of circles is 
(x - y)2 [1 +(y')2 ] = (x + yy')2.

6. Find the general solution of the differential equation dy/dx + √(1 - y2)/(1 - x2) = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-115

Integrating both sides, we get : 
sin-1y = -sin-1x + C
⇒ sin-1x + sin-1y =  C

7. Show that the general solution of the differential equation dy/dx + (y2 + y + 1)/(x2 + x + 1) = 0 is given by (x + y + 1) = A (1 - x - y - 2xy), where A is parameter. 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-116

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-117

The differential equation of the given curve is :  
sin x cos y dx + cos x sin ydy = 0 
⇒ (sin x cos ydx + cos x sin ydy)/(cos x cos y) = 0 
⇒ tan x dx + tan y dy = 0 
Integrating both sides, we get :  
 log (sec x) + log (sec y) =log C 
log (sec x .sec y) = log C 
⇒ sec x .sec y = C ...(1)
The curve passes through point (0, π/4). 
∴ 1 × √2 = C 
⇒ C = √2
On substituting C = √2 in equation (1), we get : 
sec x . sec y = √2 
⇒ sec x . 1/cos y = √2
⇒ cos y = sec x/√2 
Hence, the required equation of the curve is cos y = sec x/√2. 

9. Find the particular solution of the differential equation (1 + e2x)dy + (1 + y2) ex dx = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0. 
Solution

(1 + e2x )dy + (1 +y2 )ex dx = 0 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-118

Now, y = 1 at x = 0. 
Therefore, equation (2) becomes: 
tan-1 1 + tan-1 1 = C 
⇒ π/4 + π/4 = C
⇒ C = π/4 
Substituting C = π/4 in equation (2), we get : 
tan-1 y + tan-1 (ex) = π/2
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation. 

10. Solve the differential equation yex/y dx = (xex/y + y2)dy (y ≠ 0) 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-119

From equation (1) and equation (2), we get :  
dz/dy = 1 
⇒ dz = dy 
Integrating both sides, we get :  
z = y + C 
⇒ ex/y = y + C 

11. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x – y) (dx + dy) = dx – dy, given that y = –1, when x = 0. (Hint: put x – y = t)
Solution

(x - y)(dx + dy) = dx - dy 
⇒ (x - y + 1)dy = (1 - x + y)dx 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-120

Integrating both sides, we get :  
t + log |t| = 2x + C 
⇒ (x - y) + log |x - y| = 2x + C 
⇒ log |x - y| = x + y + C ...(3) 
Now, y = -1 at x = 0 . Therefore, equation (3) becomes : 
log 1 = 0 - 1 + C 
C = 1
Substituting C = 1 in equation (3) we get :  
log |x - y| = x + y + 1 
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation. 

12. Solve the differential equation [(e-2√x /√x) – y/√x] dx/dy = 1(x ≠ 0) 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-121

13. Find a particular solution of the differential equation dy/dx + y cot x = 4x cosec x (x ≠ 0), given that y = 0 when x = π/2
Solution

The given differential equation is :  
dy/dx + y cot x = 4 x cosec x 
This equation is a linear differential equation of the form 
dy/dx + py = Q, where p = cot x and Q = 4x cosec x. 

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by, 

y(I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.)dx + C 
⇒ y sin x = ∫(4x cosec x . sin x)dx + C 
⇒ y sin x = 4 ∫x dx + C 
⇒ y sin x = 4. x2 /2 + C 
⇒ y sin x = 2x2 + C  ...(1)
Now, y = 0 at x = π/2
Therefore, equation (1) becomes :  
0 = 2 × (π2/4) +  C 
⇒ C = -(π2/2) 
Substituting C = -(π2/2) in equation (1), we get :  
y sin x = 2x2 - (π2/2) 
This is the required particular solution of the given differential equation. 

14. Find a particular solution of the differential equation (x + 1) dy/dx = 2e-y - 1, given that y = 0 when x = 0 
Solution

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-123

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-124

15. The population of a village increases continuously at the rate proportional to the number of its inhabitants present at any time. If the population of the village was 20000 in 1999 and 25000 in the year 2004, what will be the population of the village in 2009?
Solution

Let the population at any instant (t) be y. 
It is given that the rate of increase of population is proportional to the number of inhabitants at any instant . 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-125

Integrating both sides, we get : 
log y + kt + C              ...(1) 
In the year 1999, t = 0 and y = 20000. 
Therefore, we get : 
log 20000 = C             ...(2) 
In the year 2004, t = 5 and y = 25000. 
Therefore, we get :  
Log 25000 = k. 5 + C 
⇒ log 25000 = 5k + log 20000

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-126

⇒ y = 20000× 5/4 × 5/4 
⇒ y = 31250 
Hence, the population of the village in 2009 will be 31250. 

16. The general solution of the differential equation (ydx - xdy)/y = 0
(A) xy = C
(B) = Cy2
(C) = Cx
(D) y = Cx2
Solution

The given differential equation is :

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-127

Integrating both sides, we get : 
log |x| - log |y| = log k 
⇒ log |x/y| = log k 
⇒ x/y = k 
⇒ y = (1/k)x 
⇒ y = Cx where C = 1/x 
Hence, the correct answer is C. 

17. The general solution of a differential equation of the type dx/dy + P1x = Q is 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-128

Solution
The integrating factor of the give differential equation dx/dy + P1x = Q1 is e∫p1dy
The general solution of the differential equation is given by, 
x(I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.) dy + C 

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-129

18. The general solution of the differential equation exdy + (y ex + 2x) dx = 0 is
(A xey + x2 = C
(B) xey + y2 = C
(C) yex + x2 = C
(D) ye+ x2 = C
Solution

The given differential equation is : 
ex dy + (yex + 2x)dx = 0 
⇒ ex (dy/dx) + yex + 2x = 0 
⇒ dy/dx + y = -2xe-x 
This is a linear differential equation of the form 
dy/dx + Py = Q, where P = 1 and Q = -2xe-x

""NCERT-Solutions-Class-12-Mathematics-Chapter-9-Differential-Equations-130

The general solution of the given differential equation is given by, 
y(I.F.) = ∫(Q × I.F.) dx + C 
⇒ yex  = ∫(-2xe-x .ex) dx + C 
⇒ yex = -∫2xdx + C 
⇒ yex = -x2 + C
⇒ yex + x2 = C
Hence, the correct answer is C.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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