CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes

Download CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes in PDF format. All Revision notes for Class 8 Science have been designed as per the latest syllabus and updated chapters given in your textbook for Science in Class 8. Our teachers have designed these concept notes for the benefit of Class 8 students. You should use these chapter wise notes for revision on daily basis. These study notes can also be used for learning each chapter and its important and difficult topics or revision just before your exams to help you get better scores in upcoming examinations, You can also use Printable notes for Class 8 Science for faster revision of difficult topics and get higher rank. After reading these notes also refer to MCQ questions for Class 8 Science given on studiestoday

Revision Notes for Class 8 Science Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions

Class 8 Science students should refer to the following concepts and notes for Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions in Class 8. These exam notes for Class 8 Science will be very useful for upcoming class tests and examinations and help you to score good marks

Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Functions Notes Class 8 Science

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes. Learning the important concepts is very important for every student to get better marks in examinations. The concepts should be clear which will help in faster learning. The attached concepts made as per NCERT and CBSE pattern will help the student to understand the chapter and score better marks in the examinations.

Definition :- The structural & functional unit of living beings is called cell.
                                 O R
A mass of protoplasm bounded by a plasma membrane.
                                OR
An unit of biological activity, delimited by a differentially permeable membrane and capable of self reproduction.


DISCOVERY OF CELL

1. Robert Hooke (1665) :– An English man and first curator of  Royal society of London. Observed a thin transverse section of bark of a tree under self designed microscope. He noticed honey - comb like compartments. He coined the term cell. He wrote a book - Micrographia. He actually observed dead cells.

2. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) was first to observe living cells like bacteria [from tartar of teeth] erythrocytes [fish], sperms and protozoans [eg. Vorticella]

class_8_science_concept_07

3. N. Grew (1682) :– Proposed cell concept which states that cell is unit of structure of organisms.
4. Rudolf Virchow (1858) :– Proposed that new cells formed from the pre-existing cells.

MICROSCOPE

A microscope is an instrument to view small objects by magnifying them. It enables us to see the different types of living cells and the structures they contain.

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TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

There are mainly three types of microscopes. They are :

• Light microscope : The light microscope uses light to produce images.

• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) : The electron microscope was designed by Knoll & Ruska (1932). A TEM makes use of a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects. The image produced is of a very fine scale.

• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) : Like the TEM, the SEM also uses electrons to produce images. In the case of a SEM, electrons are reflected off the surface of the specimen, because of which SEM images usually manage to capture the physical features of a cell in great detail.

How to make a Microscopic Slide?
Most of the specimens are examined under the microscope by preparing a wet mount using water. The basic steps involved in preparing a wet mount are given below :
1. Clean the glass slide and place on a flat surface of the table.
2. Place a drop of water in the centre of the slide.
3. Place a thin piece of the specimen to be viewed on the water drop on the slide.
4. A drop of stain or dye may be added with a dropper on the slide. Staining highlights biological tisues and specific regions in the cells which makes it easier for us to view the details. Iodine, methylene blue and crystal violet stains are commonly used.

5. Hold the cover slip over the object in such a manner that it touches the edge of the drop of water. Gently lower the cover slip so that it spreads out the water and no air bubble is trapped. The coverslip serves the following purposes.

(i) It protects the microscope's objective lens from contacting the specimen sample.
(ii) It helps to create an even thickness for the sample.
6. Dry the extra water that comes out of the cover slip with the help of a blotting paper.
7. Take care that the slide thus prepared is clean and dry.
8. Now place the slide under the microscope and examine the specimen.

Basic criteria for defining the cell –

(i) Presence of genetic material. (ii) Presence of limiting plasma membrane.
(iii) Presence of a metabolic machinery.
• Cell is called structural unit of living being, because body of all living organisms is made up of one or more cells.
• Cell is called functional unit of all organisms, because all the vital activities or physiological activities
[i.e. respiration, digestion, excretion, circulation, etc are performed at the level of cell].

Procedure

1. Cut an onion into small pieces. Take a fleshy leaf and break it from concave to convex side.
2. Peel off the thin epithelial membrane with the help of forceps and transfer it into a watch glass containing methylene blue solution for a few seconds.
3. Transfer the stained peel into another watch glass containing clean water to wash off the extra stain.
4. With the help of a brush and needle, place this peel in the centre of the glass slide in such a way that the membrane is not folded. Immediately put a drop of glycerine on the peel.

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5. Cover the peel gently with the coverslip to avoid the entry of air bubbles.
6. Gently press the coverslip with a needle so as to spread the glycerine evenly.
7. Remove excess glycerine from the edges of the coverslip using a blotting paper.
8. Examine the slide under low power of a microscope.

Observations :

• There are a large number of brick-shaped (rectangular) cells lying side by side in membrane.

• Each cell has a distinct cell wall.

• A distinct darkly stained nucleus is present in each cell which is spherical or oval shaped dot-like structure.

• A prominent vacuole is seen in the centre, and cytoplasm is present in every cell.

Inference : The cells observed under microscope are plant cells as each has a distinct cell wall and a large vacuole is present in the centre of each cell.

Experiment : Preparation of a temporary stained mount of human cheek cells and observe it under a microscope.

Procedure

1. Rinse your mouth with warm water.

2. With the help of a toothpick/ice-cream spoon, gently scrape the inner surface of the cheek.

3. Put the scraping on a clean glass slide having a drop of water.

4. Spread out the scraping, and separate the cells with the help of a needle.

5. Remove the excess water and put a drop of methylene blue stain or iodine solution on the scraping.

6. Place a clean coverslip gently over it to avoid the entry of air bubbles.

7. Gently press the coverslip with the needle so as to spread the cells uniformly under the coverslip.

8. Examine the slide under the microscope.

Observations :

• A large number of cells are observed. Each cell is bounded by a thin cell membrane. These cells are of squamous epithelium.

• A dark stained distinct nucleus is observed in each cell.

• Cytoplasm is granular.

• Cells lack cell wall, large vacuoles and plastids.

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes_1

Inference : The cells observed under microscope are animal cell as each cell has a cell membrane only as outer boundary. Cell wall, central prominent vacuole and plastids are absent.

CELL THEORY

Cell theory was presented by Schleiden (Botanist) (1838) and Schwann (Zoologist) (1839). Accordingly, all plants and animals are composed of cells and the cell is the basic unit of life.

Later discoveries led to the modification of cell theory. Modified cell theory is termed as cell principle or modern cell theory.

Modern cell theory postulates that :-

1. All living beings are composed of minute units, the cells ;

2. A cell is a mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus and bounded by a cell membrane, and in many cases by a cell wall also;

3. All cells are basically alike in structure and metabolic activities;

4. The functions of an organism as a whole is the result of the activities and interactions of the constituent cells; and

5. All living cells arise from the pre-existing cells.

(A) Size of cell – Normal size in human 20 μm to 30 μm in diametre.

(i) Largest cell – In animals – Ostrich egg [15 cm is diametre]
                        In plants – Acetabularia [6-10 cm]

(ii) Longest cell – In animals – Nerve cell [upto 1mt]
                          In plants – Hemp fibre.

(iii) Smallest cell – PPLO – Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism [Mycoplasma – 0.1 to 0.5 μm.]

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes_2

(B) Shape of cell – Shape of cell mainly depends upon the specific function it performs.

(i) Elongated – Nerve cell                    (ii) Discoidal/saucer shaped – RBC

(iii) Spindal shaped – Muscle cell         (iv) Spherical shaped – Eggs.

(vi) Slipper shaped – Paramecium

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes_3

(C) Number of cells – Living organisms are made up of one or many cells. On the basis of number of cells the organisms can be categorised as –

(i) Unicellular – Organisms made up of a single cell are called unicellular organisms. eg – Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium – (Malarial parasite), Chlamydomonas.

(ii) Multicellular – Organisms made up of many cells are called multicellular organisms. Most plants and animals that we see around us are multicellular.

(D) Levels of Organisation : From Cell to organism

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes_4

Units of Measurement Used in Cell Biology :

1 mm (millimetre) = 10–3 metre

1 μm (micrometre) = 10–3 mm

1 nm or 1 mμ (millimicrometre) = 10–3 μm or 10–6 mm

1 Å (Angstrom) = 10–1 nm or 10–1 mμ or 10–7 mm.

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Chapter Notes_5

Differences between Plant cell & animal cell  

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

REVIEW QUESTIONS
(A) Very Short answer type questions :
1. What is cell?
2. What is the structural and functional unit of life?
3. What are three basic criteria for defining the cell?
4. Give any three examples of unicellular organisms.
5. Give any three examples of multicellular organisms.

(B) Short answer type Questions :
1. Differentiate a plant cell and an animal cell.
2. Differentiate prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
3. Describe cell theory.
4. "Cell is the structural and functional unit of life" Justify it.
5. Write a short note on size of cell.

(C) Fill in the blanks :
1. Prokaryotic cells are found in ...............and .................
2. Membrane-less nuclear area found in prokaryotic cells is called ..............
3. Cell organelles are well developed in ......................cells.
4. Typical chromosomes are found in ............... cells.
5. The cell theory was given by .........and ............

(D) Mark the following statements as True (T) or False (F):
1. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
2. Well-defined organelles are found in prokaryotic cells.
3. Plant cells are bounded by a wall composed of cellulose.
4. Amoeba is a multicellular organism.
5. Plasma membrane is present in all the cells.

STRUCTURE OF A GENERALIZED CELL
Though different types of cells differ in shape and size, all of them have a basic structure, referred to as the generalized cell structure. A cells has both living and non-living parts. The living parts of the cell that have a definite shape, structure, and function are called organelles. The main parts of a generalized cell are (a) cell membrane, (b) cytoplasm, and (c) nucleus.

CELL MEMBRANE OR PLASMA MEMBRANE OR PLASMALEMMA
Each cell (prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic) is surrounded by a covering called plasma membrane or plasmalemma or cell membrane. Most cell organelles in eukaryotic cells (e.g., Mitochondria, Plastids, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles etc). are enclosed by subcellular unit membranes. These membranes, thus, compartmentalise the cell.
Fluid Mosaic Model :- In 1972, S.J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed fluid mosaic model to explain the structure and functions of plasma membrane. According to this model, the plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and two types of protein molecules 'floating about' in the fluid phospholipid bilayer. The two types of proteins are (i) Intrinsic proteins which are embeded in the phospholipid matrix incompletely or completely, and (ii) Extrinsic proteins which occur superficially either on the outer surface or on the inner surface of the phospholipid layer. In other words, the membrane is a viscous fluid with phospholipids and protein molecules arranged as a mosaic.
Oligosaccharide molecules are present on the exposed surface of the plasma membrane. They are associated with proteins as well as lipid molecules forming glycoproteins and glycolipids respectively. Cholesterol molecules are inserted between the phospholipid molecules of plasma membrane of animal cells to stabilize the membrane.
Presence of lipids and proteins provides flexibility to the plasma membrane. 

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

Types of membranes :
(i) Impermeable membrane : If the membrane does not allow passage of substances (solvent and solute) through it.
(ii) Permeable membrane : If the membrane allows free passage of solute and solvent through it.
(iii) Semipermeable membrane : If the membrane allows passage to solvents but prevents the passing of solutes.
(iv) Selectively permeable membrane : If the membrane allows the passage of solvent and few selected solutes.

Advantage of Semipermeability of membrane :- Semipermeability ensures that
1. The useful molecules enter the cell,
2. The metabolic intermediates remain within the cell and
3. The secretions and wastes leave the cell.

MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE SEMIPERMEABILITY OF PM
(i) Diffusion :– It is passive movement of materials.
Movement of solutes or ions from higher concentration to lower concentration is called diffusion.
OR
Movement of materials [solutes or ions] from higher diffusion pressure to lower diffusion pressure.
(ii) Osmosis:– It is passive movement. The movement of solvent or water from its higher concentration to lower concentration through semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis.

It is of two types :
(a) Endosmosis:– Movement of solvent or water into the cell is called endosmosis.
(b) Exosmosis:– Movement of solvent or water outside the cell is called exosmosis.

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

(iii) Facilitated or mediated diffusion :– This type of diffusion occurs according to concentration gradient but it involves carriers like Permeases, Translocases etc. Expenditure of metabolic energy or ATP is not involved in diffusion.
(iv) Endocytosis (Bulk transport) :– The intaking of large sized liquid or solid biomolecules through plasma membrane is called endocytosis.
It is of two types :–
(a) Phagocytosis:– Cell eating
The intaking of large sized solid bio-molecules by plasma membrane is called phagocytosis. OR
Ingestion of solid complex materials by plasmalemma in the form of vesicles (Phagosome) is called phagocytosis.

(b) Pinocytosis:– Cell drinking
The intaking of liquid biomolecules by plasma membrane is called pinocytosis. OR
Ingestion of liquid material by plasmalemma in the form of vesicles or bag like structure (pinosome) is called pinocytosis.

Differences Between Pinocyto sis And Phagocytosis  

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

(v) Active transport:– The transport of ions or microbio-molecules across a semipermeable membrane against the concentration gradient in the presence of energy provided by ATP and specific carrier molecules.

(vi) Exocytosis/Emiocytosis/Cell vomitting :– Egestion of waste materials from cell through plasma membrane.
Functions of plasma membrane
(a) Provides definite shape to the cell.
(b) Protects various cell organelles.
(c) Differential permeability or selective permeability.
Type of solutions on the basis of concentration 
(a) Isotonic solution : When the concentration of the solution outside the cell is equal to the concentration of solution inside the cell is called isotonic solution. [No effect on size of cell.]
(b) Hypertonic solution : When the concentration of the solution outside the cell is more than that of inside the cell is called hypertonic solution. [Cell become plasmolysed.]
(c) Hypotonic solution : When the concentration of the solution outside the cell is less than that of inside the cell is called hypotonic solution. [Cell swelled up]

CELL WALL
Discovered by Robert Hooke
• The outermost covering of the plant cell is called cell wall.
• It is absent in animal cell.
• It is rigid, thick, porous and non-living structure.
• Middle lamella is consist of Ca & Mg pectates (Plant cement). Fruits becomes soft and juicy due to dissolve of middle lamella.
Composition of cell wall : (i) Cellulose + Hemicellulose-in plants
(ii) Chitin – in fungi
(iii) Peptidoglycan – in bacteria.
Functions of cell wall : (i) It provides a definite shape to cell.
(ii) It is a protective and supportive coat.
(iii) It is permeable and allows entry of molecule of different size.

DO YOU KNOW?
• The fluid present inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm and the fluid present outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm. The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm together from a semi solid substance called the protoplasm.
• 90% of protoplasm by weight is water. Rest of the fluid is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

(A) Very short answer type questions :
1. What is plasma membrane?
2. Give the names of three basic molecules of the plasma membrane.
3. Mention the constituent of cell wall in bacteria & Plants.
4. What is diffusion?
5. Define osmosis
6. What is active transport?
7. Is the plant cell wall living or dead?
8. What will happen if a few drops of ink are added to pure water?
9. What will happen to plant cell when placed in concentrated sugar solution?
10. What will happen to resins when placed in pure water?

(B) Short Answer type questions :
1. Mention the functions of plasma membrane.
2. Describe the type of solutions on the basis of concentration.
3. Give difference between diffusion and osmosis.
4. Describe the structure of cell membrane.
5. What is endocytosis? Mention its types.

(C) Reasoning type questions :
1. Why plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane?
2. Give the reason of liquid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Why integral proteins cannot be separated easily from plasma membrane?
4. How cell identifies each other?
5. Why cell wall allows entry of different sized molecules?

(D) Fill in the blanks :
1. Middle lamella is made up of .....................
2. In Fungus Cell wall is made up of .....................
3. The intaking of large sized solid bio-molecules by plasma membrane is called .....................
4. Diffusion can occur in any medium, while osmosis occurs only in ..................... medium.
5. Movement of solutes or ions from ..................... to ..................... is called diffusion.

NUCLEUS-HEADQUARTER OF THE CELL
Discovered by – Robert Brown (1831)
• "Nucleus is double membrane bound dense protoplasmic body, which controls all cellular metabolism and encloses the genetic information of cell".
• Nucleus is consider as controller or director of cell.
Generally eukaryotic cell contain at least one nucleus. but some cells having more than one nucleus.

Structure :– It is made up of following four contents : 

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

(a) Nuclear membrane/ Nuclear envelope/Karyotheca
(b) Nuclear sap/Nucleoplasm/Karyolymph.
(c) Nucleolus.
(d) Chromatin threads.
(a) Nuclear envelope:– Nucleus is surrounded by two membranes, that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm.The nuclear membrane has minute pores. These are called nucleo-pores. Nucleopore takes part in exchange of different substances between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
(b) Nucleoplasm:– The part of protoplasm which is enclosed by nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It contains chromatin threads and nucleolus.
(c) Nucleolus:– Discovered by Fontana. Usually one nucleolus is present in each nucleus but sometimes more than one nucleoli are present. It is a store house of RNA & site of r-RNA transcription and processing of ribosome assembly.Calcium is essential for maintenance of nucleolus. 
(d) Chromatin Threads:– A darkly stained network of long and fine threads called chromatin threads. Chromatin threads are intermingled with one another forming a network called chromatin reticulum. 
Functions of Nucleus :–
The nucleus performs following functions :
1. It controls all the metabolic activities of the cell.
2. It brings about growth of the cell by directing the synthesis of structural proteins.
3. It takes part in the formation of ribosomes.
4. It regulates cell cycle.
5. It contains genetic information and is concerned with the transmission of hereditary traits from one generation to another.

C H R O M O S O M E
At the time of cell division the chromatin threads separate apart from one another and become smaller and thicker, are called chromosome.
Chromatid
Centromere
Kinetochore
A chromosome is a deeply staining, rodlike structure. Chromatid
1. Prokaryotic chromosomes are composed of circular DNA. It lacks histone protein. There is only one chromosome in a prokaryotic cell.
2. Eukaryotic chromosomea are composed of Linear DNA & Histone protein.

Number of Chromosomes :-
The number of chromosomes within the nucleus is constant in all individuals of a given species. For example, there are 46 chromosomes in a human being ; 40 in a mouse ; 8 in a fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster). As it represents two sets of chromosomes, one set received from each parent, this number is called the diploid number of chromosomes. The nucleus of a gamete (egg or sperm) contains half this number of chromosomes, or the haploid number. Thus a human gamete contains 23 chromosomes. A haploid set of chromosomes is called genome.
• Gene : The segment of DNA and act as unit of heredity.
• ATP : Adenosine triphosphate. It is also known as energy currency. It provides energy to perform biosynthesis & mechanical work.
• Homologous chromosomes : All chromosomes are found in pair and the chromosomes of a pair are called homologous chromosomes.
• Non-homologous chromosomes : Chromosomes of different pair.
• Nucleus is also called director of cell as it controls most of the cellular activities.
• Nucleus is absent in sieve tubes of vascular plants & mature RBC's of mammals. Mammalian RBC also lacks Golgibodies, mitochondria, ER, lysosomes.

MITOCHONDRIA
It is a rod shaped structure found in cytoplasm. It is absent in prokaryotes.
• Power house of cell or ATP-mill in cell.
• Discovered by Kolliker (1857) and termed it sarcosomes. Altmann (1894) renamed it bioplast.
• Mitochondria term was proposed by Benda (1897)
• Higher number of mitochondria are found in metabolically active cells.

Structure :
• It is double membrane bound cell organelles.
• The space between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane is called perimitochondrial space.
• The outer membrane is smooth and straight. The inner membrane is infolded into the cavity. These fingure-like infoldings are called as cristae.
• The fluid filled in mitochondrial cavity is called matrix.  

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

Function :– • Its main function is to produce and store the energy in the form of ATP, that's why it is also known as powerhouse of the cell.

DO YOU KNOW ?
(i) Mitochondria and plastids are also known as semi-autonomous cell organelles as they having 70 s type of ribosome, circular DNA and many enzymes which are useful in its protein synthesis.
(ii) An egg cell is the largest human cell.
(iii) Largest cell organelle - Nucleus
Second Largest cell organelle - Chloroplast [ in plant cell], Mitochondria - [in Animal cell]

PLASTIDS
Plastid term first used by Haeckel, Chloroplast term given by Schimper.
Shape (i) Discoidal or oval – Higher plants. (ii) Girdle shaped – Ulothrix (iii) Cup-shaped Chlamydomonas.

Types of Plastids  

 CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

Structure : It is double membrane bound cell organelle and is the largest organelle of cell.
Plastids have following 2 parts :–
(a) Grana:–It constitutes of the lamellar system.These are found in layers on top of each other, these stacks are called as grana.Each lamella is made up of unit membrane.Each granum of the chloroplast is formed by superimposed, closed compartments called thylakoid.
• Different grana are connected with the help of tubular connections, called stroma lamellae or Fret channels or intergranum.
(b) Stroma:– It is a granular transparent substance filled in cavity of chloroplast. It is also called as matrix.
Grana are embedded in it.It contains enzymes for Calvin cycle or dark reaction.

Functions :-
1. By trapping solar energy, green plastids manufacture food through photosynthesis.
2. Chromoplasts provide colour to various flowering parts.
3. Leucoplasts help in the storage of protein, starch and lipid (oil).

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
First observed by Garnier (1897).
E.R. name proposed by K.R. Porter. [Credit for discovery of ER goes to Porter]
Components of E.R. : (i) Cisternae(ii) Vesicles (iii) Tubules
It is also known as "System of Membranes". 

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

Functions :– The endoplasmic reticulum has the following functions.
1. It increases the surface area of the cytoplasm for various metabolic activities of the cell.
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is associated with the synthesis of proteins.
3. SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

GOLGI COMPLEX
Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898) in nerve cells of owl.
Other names :
(i) Baker's body, - In fungus (ii) Dictyosomes – In plants Position : It is located near the nucleus.
• The cytoplasm surrounding Golgi body have fewer or no other organelles. It is called Golgi ground substance or zone of exclusion.
• Golgi bodies are pleomorphic structures, because component of golgi body are differ in structure & shape in different cells.

Structure:– It is formed of four types of contents.
(i) Cisternae (ii) Tubules (iii) Vacuoles (iv) Vesicles
Golgibody is single membrane bound cell organelle. 

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

Function : (i) It involved in cell-secretion and acts as storage, modification and condensation or packaging membrane.
(ii) It forms the lysosomes and secretory vesicles.
(iii) It is the site for formation of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
LYSOSOME
First observed and the term coined by Christian De Duve (1955)
• Lysosomes are spherical bag like structures [0.1 – 0.8 μm] which is covered by single unit membrane.With the exception of mammalian RBC they are reported from all cells. Lysosomes are filled about 50 different types of digestive enzymes termed as acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes are highly polymorphic cell organelle. Because, during functioning, lysosomes have different morphological and physiological states.

Functions : (i) It involve in digestion of foreign materials received in cell.
(ii) Digestion of old or dead cell organelles.
(iii) Sometimes all lysosomes of a cell burst to dissolve the cell completely. That's why lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags.
RIBOSOME (Engine of cell)
Claude (1941) First observed them and called microsome.
Palade (1955) coined the term Ribosome.
• All living cells have Ribosomes. [both prokaryotes & eukaryotes]
• These are smallest and membraneless cell organelles.  

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

• Magnesium ion [Mg++] is essential for binding of both the sub units of ribosome.
Functions :–
Site of protein synthesis, so these are also called protein factories.

PEROXISOMES/URICOSOMES
• Discovered by Rhodin & Tolbert.
• Peroxisome term was first used by De Duve.
It contains per-oxide forming enzymes.
Functions :–
(i) In animals peroxisomes are concerned with β-oxidation of fatty acids & peroxide metabolism.
(ii) In plants peroxisomes are concerned with β-oxidation of fatty acids, peroxide metabolism and photorespiration.

COMPETITION WINDOW
• Scattered Golgibodies in the cytoplasm of plant cells are called Dictyosomes.
• Lysosome found in four forms that's why it is also called polymorphic cell organelle.
• Chloroplasts are centres of photosynthesis to prepare the organic food so are called kitchens of the cells.

VACUOLES
• Vacuoles of animal cells arise from Golgi-complex.
• Tonoplast:– Plasma membrane that covers the vacuole is called tonoplast.
Functions :–
(i) Storage of food, water and other substances.
(ii) They help in the elimination of excess water from the cell (osmoregulation), and maintains internal pressure of the cell

Centrosome :– Discovered by Benden. Boveri named it as centrosome.
• Centrosome is generally found in animal cells. Only few type of a plant cells show its presence.
• It is situated near the nucleus of the cell and shaped like star.

Function :–
(i) In animal cells centrioles play important role in initiation of cell division by arranging spindle fibres between two poles of cell.
(ii) The location of centrioles during cell division decides the plane of division.

TISSUES
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a tissue.
Most plants and animals show a well-defined tissue system. Cells that make up these tissues can be seen under a microscope. We can view them either lengthwise, called the longitudinal section (L.S.) or as a cross section called transverse section (T.S.) view.
Plant Tissues : These are of following types :-
Epidermal Tissue : Cells forming the epidermal tissue are found as a thin outer lining on leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. Epidermal cells are spherical, oval, or polygonal in shape. A prominent nucleus is present and the cell wall is thin. The intracellular spaces may not be present. There is plenty of protoplasm in these cells.
Conducting Tissue : Transport of water and food to different parts of the plant is one of the main functions of plant tissues. Tissues that help in performing this function are called conducting tissues. There are two types of conducting tissues in plants.
(i) Xylem : Transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the leaves.
(ii) Phloem : Transports the food made by the leaves to the other parts of the plants.
Animal tissue : Based on the location and function, the animal tissues are classified into four types - 

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions Notes Set A

TICK THE CORRECT OPTION

Question. Double membrane is absent in –
(A) Mitochondrion
(B) Chloroplast
(C) Nucleus
(D) Lysosome
Answer : D

Question. Animal cell is limited by–
(A) Plasma membrane
(B) Shell membrane
(C) Cell wall
(D) Basement membrane
Answer : A

Question. The radiant energy of sunlight is converted to chemical energy and stored as –
(A) AMP
(B) ADP
(C) ATP
(D) APP
Answer : C

Question. Root hair absorbs water from soil through –
(A) Osmosis
(B) Active transport
(C) Diffusion
(D) Endocytosis
Answer : A

Question. The barrier between the protoplasm and outer environment in a plant cell is –
(A) Cell membrane
(B) Nuclear membrane
(C) Cell wall
(D) Tonoplast
Answer : C

Question. An animal cell differs from a plant cell in respect of –
(A) ER
(B) Cell wall
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Cell membrane.
Answer : B

Question. If the nucleus is a cell's "control centre" and chloroplasts its "solar collectors". Which of the following might be called the cell's combination "food processor" and "garbage disposer"?
(A) Lysosome
(B) Ribosome
(C) Golgi apparatus
(D) Nucleolus
Answer : A

Question. The longest cell in human body is –
(A) Neuron
(B) Muscle fibre
(C) Epithelial cell
(D) Bone cell
Answer : A

Question. Identify human cells which lack nucleus–
(A) WBC
(B) RBC
(C) Platelets
(D) Nerve cells
Answer : B

Question. The energy currency of a cell is –
(A) ADP
(B) AMP
(C) ATP
(D) CTP
Answer : C

Question. Which organelle releases oxygen?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Golgi apparatus
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Chloroplast.
Answer : D

Question. The term "protoplasm" to the living substance present inside the cell, was given by
(A) Robert Hooke
(B) Robert Brown
(C) J.E. Purkinje
(D) W.Flemming
Answer : C

Question. Ribosomes are the centre for –
(A) Respiration
(B) Photosynthesis
(C) Protein synthesis
(D) Fat synthesis.
Answer : C

Question. Lysosomes are the reservoirs of
(A) Fat
(B) RNA
(C) Secretory glycoproteins
(D) Hydrolytic enzymes.
Answer : D

Question. The membrane surrounding the vacuole of a plant cell is called
(A) Tonoplast
(B) Plasma membrane
(C) Nuclear membrane
(D) Cell wall
Answer : A

Question. Centriole is associated with –
(A) DNA synthesis
(B) Reproduction
(C) Spindle formation
(D) Respiration
Answer : C

Question. The cell organelle associated with cell secretion is
(A) Plastids
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Golgi apparatus
(D) Nucleolus
Answer : C

Question. The cell organelle taking part in photorespiration is
(A) Glyoxysome
(B) Dictyosome
(C) Peroxisome
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer : C

Question. Endoplasmic reticulum sometime contains –
(A) Ribosomes
(B) Lysosomes
(C) Golgi bodies
(D) None of these
Answer : A

Question. Ribosomes are composed of –
(A) 1 subunit
(B) 5 subunits
(C) 2 subunits
(D) 4 subunits
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is an inclusion?
(A) Mitochondrion
(B) Lysosome
(C) Golgi complex
(D) Starch grain
Answer : D

Question. Which of the following would not be considered part of a cell's cytoplsm?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Nucleus
(C) Mitochondrion
(D) Microtubule
Answer : B

Question. Which of the following is called the brain of the cell?
(A) Nucleus
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Plasma membrane
Answer : A

Question. Which one is not a part of nucleus?
(A) Chromatin
(B) Nucleolus
(C) Centrosome
(D) Nucleoplasm
Answer : C

Question. The common feature amongst nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondrion is –
(A) DNA
(B) Lamellae
(C) Cristae
(D) All of these
Answer : A

Question. Nucleus is separated from surrounding cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope which is –
(A) Single and porous
(B) Double and porous
(C) Single and nonporous
(D) Double and nonporous
Answer : B

Question. Nucleoplasm is continuous with cytoplasm through –
(A) Centriole
(B) Golgi apparatus
(C) Nuclear pores
(D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer : C

Question. Nucleolus was discovered by
(A) Fontana
(B) Schleiden
(C) Altmann
(D) Robert Brown
Answer : A

Question. The function of the nucleolus in the cell is
(A) Secretory
(B) Synthesis of DNA
(C) Synthesis of RNA and ribosomes
(D) None of these
Answer : C

Question. Which of the following phenomena is commonly referred as 'cell drinking'?
(A) Exocytosis
(B) Pinocytosis
(C) Endocytosis
(D) Phagocytosis
Answer : B

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)

Question. The plasma membrane has a rigid structure.
Answer : FALSE 

Question. Membranes are useful for compartmentalisation in cells.
Answer : TRUE 

Question. Solid particles are ingested by pinocytosis.
Answer : TRUE 

Question. ATP is required for active transport.
Answer : TRUE 

Question. The ostrich egg is the largest cell known.
Answer : TRUE 

Question. Robert Hooke discovered the nucleus.
Answer : FALSE 

Question. Dictyosomes are found in plant cells.
Answer : TRUE 

Question. Oxysomes are found in Golgibodies.
Answer : FALSE 

Question. Vacuoles contain hydrolytic enzymes.
Answer : FALSE 

Question. Golgibodies are also considered as "traffic police man of cell".
Answer : TRUE 

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

Question. Centrioles help in cell division by forming..........
Answer : Spindle fibres

Question. During cell division chromatin condensed into thick cord like structures called...............
Answer : Chromosomes

Question. A compound microscope can magnify an object upto ..... times.
Answer : 1000

Question. The cells having well organised nucleus are called............
Answer : Eukaryotic cells

Question. The body of Amoeba is made up of .......cell.
Answer : Single

Question. Ribosomes are associated with the synthesis of .............
Answer : Protein

Question. The cellular organelles often referred as suicide bags are .............
Answer : Lysosomes

Question. Chromosomes are made up of ..........and ..........
Answer : DNA, Protein

CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Q1. Write a short account on discovery of cell. 

A. Robert Hooke in 1665 observed slices of cork under a simple microscope. He noticed partitioned boxes or  ompartments in the cork slice. These boxes appeared like a honeycomb.  Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ for each box.

Q2. Why is cell called the basic structural unit of life? 

A.All living beings are made up of cells. Cell is the smallest living entity performing all life processes. 

Q3. What is a cell? 

A. Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. 

Q4. What are cell organelles? 

A. They are the small compartments in the cell specialized in their activities. E.g.,  chloroplast, mitochondria,  acuole.

Q5. Name the smallest and the largest living cell. 

A. Smallest cell- bacteria largest cell- ostrich’s egg. 

Q6. Cells vary in shape. Justify this statement by drawing three different cells of different shapes.

 class_8_science_concept_10

Q7. Differentiate between:-

1. Unicellular and multicellular organisms

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_1

2. Cell wall and cell membrane

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_2

3. plant cell and animal cell

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_3

4. prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_4

Q8. Name the parts of the nucleus and state the function of the nucleus.

A. Following are the parts of the nucleus:-

1. Nuclear membrane

2. Nucleolus

3. Chromosomes

4. Nucleoplasm

Q9. What is a gene?

A.It is the unit of inheritance, helping in transfer of characters from parents to the offspring.

Q10. What is the function of a cell wall in plant cells?

A. Plant cells have cell wall which is required for additional protection against variations in temperature, high wind speed, etc.

Q11. What are plastids?

A. They are small coloured bodies in the cytoplasm of the plant cells.

Q12. What are chloroplasts?

A. They are the green coloured plastids having chlorophyll in them. They provide green colour to the plants and help in photosynthesis.

Q13. Draw a well labeled diagrams of plant cell and animal cell.

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_5

CBSE Class 8 Science Cell Structure And Functions_6

Cell - Structure & Function Summary
 
Cell - Structure & Function
Living organisms take and digest food, respire and excrete waste products. They reproduce their own kind. These functions are carried out by different organs of the organisms. The body parts both in animals and plants are called organs. They perform different functions. For example, leaves help in synthesis of food, oots in anchoring the plants. Mouth in animals helps in taking food other organs help in its digestion lungs help n respiration.
 
In spite of great variation in structure of various organs, all organisms have basic similarities among them. In act, each one of them is made up of cells.
 
Cell - The Unit of Life

Cells in the living organisms are complex structures unlike bricks in a building.. Cells like bricks of a building,are basic structural units of living organisms. (Fig.1). Buildings usually differ from one another, organismsalso differ from one another. Both have basic units. Cells are there in living organisms since the origin of life.
Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes
Majority of the cells are too small to be visible to the unaided eye. However, some cells like hen’s egg arevisible to eye, without any aid. The word ‘ cell’ was coined in seventeenth century by Robert Hooke while observing a slice of cork (plant cells) under the microscope. His microscope, in fact, was primitive. Earlier, lenses were used directly as an aid to see the smaller things / objects. Later on, these lenses were put in a device called microscope to magnify the objects. With passage of time, microscopes, in the last four centuries have been improved by increasing their magnifying ability. Nowadays, a microscope can enable to observe the objects as small as one thousandth of a millimetre (10–6m). This has helped the scientists to study the minute detail of cells. Sometimes, the materials to be observed with microscopes are stained with dyes to identify the different components of a cell.
 
Variety of shape and size in the cells

Cells found in the living organisms show variety in number, shape and size. An individual organisms can either have one cell where all the functions are carried out by a single cells or have many cells which together perform various functions. Single celled organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium and bacteria are called unicellular organisms. On the other hand, organisms which have large number of cells are termed as multicellular organisms. A multicellular organisms in fact, has millions of cells.
 
Cells in the multicellular plants and animals have variety of shapes. Cells are generally round or shapherical in shape. However, there is a lot of variation in shape of cells. These can be cuboidal or columnar. Some of animal cells are long and branched as in nerve cell.
Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes
Most of the cells are very small in size and not visible to unaided eye. Even long cells running into few centimetres can be seen only with microscope. Smallest cell of size 0.1 micro (m) i.e. ten thousandth part of a milimetre has been observed in bacteria – Mycoplasms, Muscle cells in animals and fibres in plants like jute, hemp are few centimtres long. In the egg, central yellow part called yolk is surrounded by white albumen.
Yellow yolk represents single cell. Ostrich egg with 170 mm diameter represents largest cell observable with unaided eye. Table 1 provides information about different sizes of cells.
Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes
Structure of the Cell

The microscopic structure of a typical plant cell and that of an animal cell is shown in Fig. 3 and 4. Each cell has a definite structure or further smaller parts. These parts are called cell organelles. Some of these organelles are common to all cells.
 
1. Cell Wall: This is the outermost part of a plant cell. It is non-living and is made up of cellulose. It is protective in function and mainly determines the shape of the cells. It is absent in animal cells.

2. Cell Membrane: This is also called the plasma membrane. In an animal cell, it is the outermost layer whereas in a plant cell it is protected by the cell wall. It is a living structure and controls the entry and exist of some substances in and out of the cell. It also protects the internal components of the cell.
 
3. Protoplasm: The material comprising the living contents of a cell i.e. all the substances in a cell except large vacuoles and material recently ingested or to be excreted.

4. Cytoplasm: It is a transparent, jelly - like living substance which fills the interior of an animal and a plant cell. It contains a number of minute living structures known as the cell organelles and many non-living substances known as cell inclusions.
Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes

Most of the cells are very small in size and not visible to unaided eye. Even long cells running into few centimetres can be seen only with microscope. Smallest cell of size 0.1 micro (mm) i.e. ten thousandth part of a milimetre has been observed in bacteria – Mycoplasms, Muscle cells in animals and fibres in plants like jute, hemp are few centimtres long. In the egg, central yellow part called yolk is surrounded by white albumen. Yellow yolk represents single cell. Ostrich egg with 170 mm diameter represents largest cell observable with unaided eye. Table 1 provides information about different sizes of cells.

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_1

Structure of the Cell

The microscopic structure of a typical plant cell and that of an animal cell is shown in Fig. 3 and 4. Each cell has a definite structure or further smaller parts. These parts are called cell organelles. Some of these organelles are common to all cells.

1. Cell Wall: This is the outermost part of a plant cell. It is non-living and is made up of cellulose. It is protective in function and mainly determines the shape of the cell It is absent in animal cells.

2. Cell Membrane: This is also called the plasma membrane. In an animal cell, it is the outermost layer whereas in a plant cell it is protected by the cell wall. It is a living structure and controls the entry and exist of some substances in and out of the cell. It also protects the internal components of the cell.

3. Protoplasm: The material comprising the living contents of a cell i.e. all the substances in a cell except large vacuoles and material recently ingested or to be excreted.

4. Cytoplasm: It is a transparent, jelly - like living substance which fills the interior of an animal and a plant cell. It contains a number of minute living structures known as the cell organelles and many non-living substances known as cell inclusions.

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_2

5. Cell Organelles: These are active, living, permanent extremely small structures present in the cytoplasm and are concerned with cell function. The various cell organelles present in a typical cell are:

i) Endoplasmic reticulum: A system of membranes within the cytoplasm of plant and animal cell It forms a link between the cell and nuclear membranes and is the site of protein synthesis. It helps in the transport of substances within the cell.

ii) Plastids: Plastids are exclusively present in plant cells in large numbers, and are absence in animal cell These are of three types, namely:

a) Chloroplasts: These are green coloured plastids, containing the green pigment chlorophyll. They are present in the leaves and stems of most of the plants. They are regarded as the kitchen of the cell.

b) Leucoplasts: The are colourless plastid They are mostly present in the roots and underground modified stems.

c) Chromoplasts: They are coloured plastid These are present in abundance mainly in flowers, petals and fruits.

iii) Mitochondria: These are rod or oval shaped structures, bounded by two membranes and concerned with the release of energy from food during respiration. Hence they are often referred to as the power house of the cell.

iv) Ribosomes: These are granules attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or found freely in the cytoplasm. They help in the synthesis of proteins.

v) Golgi bodies: These are small hollow plate - like or cup shaped bodies found in animal cell They synthesis, store and secrete substances the golgi apparatus in plants is known as dictyosome.

vi) Centrosome: It is a star like structure found mostly in animal cell It consists of centrioles. It helps in cell division.

vii) Lysosome: They are present in animal cells only. They contain enzymes of cellular digestion. If they burst, the cell may get damaged or destroyed. Hence, they are called the suicidal bags of the cell.

viii) Vacuoles: These are fluid filled spaces containing minerals dissolved in water. The solution that fills the vacuoles of plant cells is called cell sap. Vacuoles are usually large and many in plant cells but small and few in animal cells.

6. Cell Inclusions: The non-living constituents of a cell are known as cell inclusion These include water, minerals, salts, sugar, proteins etc.

7. Nucleus: Nucleus is the most important part of a cell. It is usually spherical or oval in shape. It controls all the vital functions of the cell. It is made up of the nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromosomes.

The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. It is permeable and controls the passage of materials through and from the nucleus. The nucleoplasm or nuclear sap makes up the body of the nucleus. It is denser than the cytoplasm.

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_3

The nucleolus is a spherical body in the nucleus. It is composed of the nucleooprotein RNA (Ribonucleic acid). It is responsible for protein synthesis.

Nucleus also contains chromosomes, the thread like structures and compos ed of nucleoprotein DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The hereditary units of chromosomes are thegenes . They are responsible for the transmission of characters from the parents to the offspring. It is an account of these genes that a child resembles its parents. The summary of cellular structures and their functions is given in Table 2.

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_4

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_5

Cell Division

One of the most important characteristics of the living cell is its power to grow and divide. When a cell reaches the limit of the size peculiar to its species, it divides into two parts. These parts grow to their full size and then divide again. The new cells are always formed by the division of pre-existing cells.

The process by which a cell multiplies in number is called cell division. Cell division is of two types, namely mitosis and meiosis.

Various levels of Organization

There are certain organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, which are made up of only one cell. Such organisms are called unicellular organisms. These organisms show cellular level of organization.

Class 7 Science Cell Structure and Function Advanced Notes_6

Organisms which consists of two or more cells are called multicellular organisms, e.g. man. In these organisms, a group of similar cells performs a particular function. Such group of cells are called tissue. When cells are organized to form tissues, it is called a tissue level of organization. It is higher than the cellular level.

Chapter 01 Crop Production and Management
CBSE Class 8 Science Crop Production And Management Notes
Chapter 02 Microorganisms: Friend or Foe
CBSE Class 8 Science Microorganism Friend Or Foe Notes
Chapter 03 Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
CBSE Class 8 Science Synthetic Fibres And Plastics Notes
Chapter 04 Materials Metals and Non-Metals
CBSE Class 8 Science Metal And Non Metals Notes
Chapter 05 Coal and Petroleum
CBSE Class 8 Science Coal And Petroleum Notes
Chapter 07 Conservation of Plants and Animals
CBSE Class 8 Science Conservation Of Plants And Animals Notes
Chapter 10 Reaching the Age of Adolescence
CBSE Class 8 Science Reaching The Age Of Adolescence Notes
Chapter 11 Force and Pressure
CBSE Class 8 Science Force And Pressure Notes
Chapter 14 Chemical Effects of Electric Current
CBSE Class 8 Science Chemical Effects of Electric Current Notes
Chapter 15 Some Natural Phenomena
CBSE Class 8 Science Some Natural Phenomena Notes
Chapter 17 Stars and the Solar System
CBSE Class 8 Science Stars and the Solar System
Chapter 18 Pollution of Air and Water
CBSE Class 8 Science Pollution of Air and Water Notes

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